图形界面设计工具加速嵌入式系统的开发
[日期：2006-9-7] 来源：21IC中国电子网 作者：佚名 [字体：大 中 小]
在嵌入式市场中，为客户寻找加快产品上市的方法是半导体供应商永恒的主题。有多种不同的方法可以缩短开发时间，例如，有一些开源活动提供大量合作开发和自由发布的代码。在此应用基础上，整个系统开发的时间缩短了6 至9个月。这种方法的优点在于直接从已经完成并得到验证的工作中获益。
当今的大多数嵌入式处理应用中，控制和实时编程都是通过C/C++和优化的汇编代码库联合实现的。在开源端，一旦为给定的体系结构写好了底层的驱动程序，所有的操作系统内核上层的其它代码都能自动“继承”。在购买部分或完整的解决方案（例如嵌入式VoIP参考设计）时，大部分基础工作已经完成，剩下的需要处理的只是整个系统的一小部分。比如，设计工程师可能只要在已有的核心解决方案中增加一些用户接口调整和机构增强就行了。
现在使用的另一种省时的方法是基于图形界面的嵌入式设计。它也是建立在软件驱动程序的代码基础上，但是编程的模式变成可视系统设计。通过在系统层编程，比较低层的功能被抽象成多层以简化系统设计。在图形编辑器下工作时，允许工程师可以从框图层开始建立一个应用程序。
过去，这种方法适于在PC机或工作站上的原型制作，因为将算法移植到嵌入式环境之前要确保其有效。它也是控制工业流和仪器的非常有用的方法。然而在早期，这种图形化方法不能生成足够的有效代码在开箱即用的嵌入式系统上运行（例如，重新写入的重要部分不能允许按照算法实时运行）。另外，几乎没有支持实际数据流实时输入输出系统的集成外设。
因此，最近的问题已经比较突出地集中在简化基于PC机的设计过程提高传输到嵌入式处理器的效率。这个问题包含以下三个方面：
1. 生成在目标处理器上运行的有效代码
2. 无缝地集成外围设备
3. 在处理器的图形化工具设备和原生工具设备之间有效地转换
这三个方面非常重要，因为他们使得新的一类程序员接触到嵌入式处理器。比如，有更多科学背景的工程师能用直觉的方法编程并调试“数据流程序” 。我们不要求成为了解某一具体结构特性或外围设备怎样工作的专家。当然，经验丰富的程序员也喜欢采用带图形界面的直观设计方法。
上述第三点值得更进一步的讨论。抽象体系结构和外围设备层很重要，但不完全关闭访问也很重要。在工具设备之间的变换能力需要进一步的优化、系统的调试和确认。
为适应嵌入式系统对图形界面设计工具的需求，美国国家仪器（NI）去年就宣布开始研究。特别是为ADI公司的Blackfin处理器设计的LabVIEW嵌入式处理模块为嵌入式设计工程师提供了一套完整的图形界面开发方法。ADI公司和NI公司强强联合，将两家公司各自的优势融合在一起。由此开发的产品无缝集成NI LabVIEW与ADI VisualDSP++开发环境。
传统的嵌入式编程方法是在文本编辑器中输入代码，而Labview使用一组“pallets”构成系统。所有我们熟悉的编程结构（分支语句、循环等）仍可提供。另外，操作数也可用，不过使用LabVIEW真正的好处在于扩展了对信号处理和分析库的支持。
从NI公司的角度来看，这项工作扩展了用于嵌入式开发的LabVIEW图形界面系统设计。使用常用工具进行传统设计和制造测试，同时在半导体上编程，所以能够真正缩短了产品上市时间。
从ADI公司的角度来看，LabVIEW嵌入式系统为Blackfin处理器开发商提供了数百种数学和信号处理功能位于集成的I/O库顶层。它还允许使用利用VisualDSP++开发的库中已有的代码。另外，使用一种称作设备驱动程序的常用应用编程接口(API)体系结构，很容易对常用器件驱动程序〔例如模数转换器（ADC）、数模转换器（DAC）以及音频和视频编解码器〕进行设置。
LabVIEW嵌入式系统建立其自己的一套设备驱动程序用于将多种外围设备连接到应用设备。可提供多种驱动程序用于覆盖多种应用。即使某种设备不在LabVIEW pallet的备选范围内，仍然为原生外围设备提供基本的设备驱动程序。这样在合适的LabVIEW 系统内，很容易增加用户指定的设备驱动程序。
LabVIEW嵌入式系统还包括一个由VisualDSP++支持的实时内核(VDK)。NI公司使用了一套虚拟仪器（VI），建立连接目标体系结构的接口。现在我们可提供多种应用实例，包括连接到CMOS传感器的基于视觉的系统、音频实例以及连接到教室机器人应用的“Handy Board”控制卡。
在每项应用中，都使用LabVIEW嵌入式系统构建流程。当用户想要做一些修改以匹配他们的应用时，几乎所有的修改都是在VI层上进行的（例如滤波器长度，匹配模式特性等）。通过运行"under the hood"将这些修改自动传播生成C代码。
该系统除了基本的系统设计工具，还有许多高级调试能力，这正是VisualDSP++工具非常宝贵之处。工程师能将工具与要调试的硬件直接连接起来，以迅速检查出处理器和隔离问题。
LabVIEW嵌入式模块还为Blackfin处理器提供了一个评估平台，其中包括NI公司的“虚拟仪器教学套件(ELVIS)”连接器。这种连接器能用来与提供连接到各种NI数据采集卡和不同种类硬件产品的专用适配器连用。
Tuesday, September 12, 2006
揭开Google神秘崛起的秘密
揭开Google神秘崛起的秘密
作者：许煜 出处：亚洲周刊
以搜寻为核心业务的Google股价大升，技术上的优势把对手微软和雅虎都比了下去，不断推出新产品，被视为最具创意的互联网公司，但首席执行官舒米特称该公司对大战略没有兴趣，所有证券分析员都看不出它的长远战略。
将一架波音七六七型客机改建成私人空中派对的场所，并聘用高级飞机设计师津宁斯(LeslieJennings)来负责这个耗资数百万美元的改造工程，这有点奢侈的举动对于Google(「谷歌」)的布林(SergeyBrin)和佩奇(LarryPage)来说，却是一份给自己的毫不过分的礼物。二零零六年是Google的舞台，除了登上国际周刊如《时代》周刊、《新闻周刊》等的封面，而且在利润上再下一城，使对手如微软 (Microsoft)和雅虎(Yahoo!)顿时失色。
根据七月二十日Google公布业绩，第二季的收入相比于去年同期的三亿四千二百八十万美元，增加了一倍共七亿二千一百一十万美元，每股的股价也由去年二月的 一点一九美元，上升为二点三三美元。
Google的股价大升和它背后的神秘感有关，华尔街的许多分析员都问同一个问题:Google的战略是什么?近年来崛起的Goggle不但是现在最具创意的互联网公司，推出的产品层出不穷，其中许多根本没有利润可言，而且树敌无数。
Google核心的搜寻业务，一下子就将雅虎和微软的msn比了下去，无论是质量还是数量都略胜一筹。而且因为技术上的优势，Google能更准确地选择和使用者相关的广告，包括搜寻时在右方出现的文字广告(adwords)以及网站拥有者自行申请的赞助广告(adsense)，使它的搜寻器利润大幅抛离对手。雅虎因为msn这个大客户的离开(msn在自己的搜寻器卖广告)，正尝试努力恢复过来，在七月份宣布第二季业绩时，虽然业续方面勉强达到市场要求，雅虎也同时宣布像Google一样自动选择相关广告计划「ProjectPanama」押后三个月再推出。
Google的桌面、试算表也挑战着微软的office;它的电邮和日程表结合的模式和outlookexpress和ibm的 lotusnotes较劲;Gmail现在和hotmail、yahoo!mail及aol分庭抗礼;它最近推出的Googlecheckout也有取代ebay的paypal 之势;它的即时讯息软件gtalk可能是导致微软的msn和雅虎的yahoo!messenger结合的原因;Google的地图不但打击了aol的地图服务mapquest，而且引起法国政府推出GeoPortail;Google推出的Google print，也导致雅虎的模仿以及欧洲数码(数字、数位)图书馆成立。 Google还有许多具创意但看起来不着边际的功能，例如Google trend、skechup、mars等等。
首席执行官只重时效
Google现在似乎在任意地创造自己的东西，工程师们更像是艺术家，使用者关心的是Google想做什么?下一步又会推出些甚么呢? Google最终会不会发展成微软一样的公司?Google的首席执行官舒米特(EricSchmidt)在接受《informationweek》访问时表示，Goolge没有大战略可言，他对这东西没有兴趣，更担心的是产品无法准时推出。Google的第一位女工程师、年仅三十一岁的搜寻产品以及使用者经验部门副总裁美雅(MarissaMayer)在六月接受《商业周刊》访问时也表示:「我们相信必须推出更多的产品，而不只是推出表面上很受欢迎的产品。你要找到最成功的创意产品，就是推出五件，然后其中一、两件可以突围而出。」
然而Google的业务已经跳出荧屏，向四方八面伸展，去年Google和美国太空总署合作开发太空项目，今年又和earthlink合作将三藩市铺满wi-fi无线网络，市民可以随时随地免费上网。到底Google是不是正在示范一种互联网时代的新的商业模式?还是一切只是宣传伎俩而已?一个缺乏长远战略的Google伤透了不少分析员的脑筋，不知如何去估量它的价值。
约翰.葛登(JohnSteeleGordon)是美国的商业历史学家、畅销书《TheBusiness of America》和《华尔街世纪》的作者，当他一接到笔者的询问，劈头第一句就笑着说「这不可想像!我想不到好像Google这样的公司也能没有长远的战略!」
在他研究的美国商业史里还没有一家公司不需要长远的战略，不过他也强调现在互联网科技发展迅速，发展长远的策略似乎不太可行。当年科网热潮的时候，许多公司都宣称自己要成为什么什么，结果轻易地取得了风险投资，投资者也深信不疑，但最终所有人随着泡沫爆破而焦头烂额。
香港科技大学商学院教授克里斯.韦斯兰德(ChrisWestland)却有另一番见解。韦斯兰德是注册会计师，即将出版的《InnovationandTechnology Management》(创新和科技管理)将探讨新一代创新科技公司的运营。他表示:「我并不认为Google和传统商业一样有一个长远的战略，事实上， Google在它们本身已经发展完善的搜寻器的基础上，运用的是随机策略(Emmergent Strategy)。当公司需要不断创新的时候，随机策略便显得很重要，很有趣的我们可以留意到美国军方也利用这样的『随机战场策略』，不断发展及加强通讯装备，当战争爆发时能更有效率地传达命令。随机策略和波特(Michale Porter)式的长远计划相反，将是未来的大趋势。」
尊重盖茨而不学盖茨
韦斯兰德认为Google在上世纪九十年代后期由布林和佩奇开创时，他们两人研究的是图书馆学的文本搜寻，和传统电脑科学资料库搜寻不同，图书馆学也需要处理一些无法标准化的索引，例如气味、味道。Google的研究一直都和这方面相关，所以他认为Google下一步会做的是发展各类直接的人机介面，如声音处理和合成，流动的介面如wi-fi等，总之所有人类接触的介面都会尽量渗透。
韦斯兰德说:「我在美国遇到的许多成功的科技企业家并不是只看金钱，他们对于商业和产品更有兴趣。事实是聪明的人都会尊重比尔.盖茨，但是他们不会想成为他。好像佩奇、布林、沃兹尼亚克(苹果电脑共同创始人)、米德(芯片之父)等人搞创新、开公司，都是因为他们喜欢自己的发现。没有人希望像保罗.艾伦(微软的第二把交椅)一样，被摇尾狗似的奉承者烦扰，最后连正常生活也没有。这点在美国许多人都了解，不过我认为香港人很难理解像Google这样的商业模式，至少我遇到的投资银行分析员几乎都是这样子。
------------------------------------
Google十大黄金定律作者:舒米特(ErisSchmidt，Google首席执行官)、贺尔、瓦瑞恩(HalVarian，柏克莱大学教授、Google顾问)
一、组织委员会进行严格招聘
二、满足员工的所有需要
三、拉近员工空间上的距离
四、使合作简单协调
五、身体力行，使用自己的产品
六、鼓励创新
七、尽可能达到共识
八、不作恶
九、资料分析指导决策
作者：许煜 出处：亚洲周刊
以搜寻为核心业务的Google股价大升，技术上的优势把对手微软和雅虎都比了下去，不断推出新产品，被视为最具创意的互联网公司，但首席执行官舒米特称该公司对大战略没有兴趣，所有证券分析员都看不出它的长远战略。
将一架波音七六七型客机改建成私人空中派对的场所，并聘用高级飞机设计师津宁斯(LeslieJennings)来负责这个耗资数百万美元的改造工程，这有点奢侈的举动对于Google(「谷歌」)的布林(SergeyBrin)和佩奇(LarryPage)来说，却是一份给自己的毫不过分的礼物。二零零六年是Google的舞台，除了登上国际周刊如《时代》周刊、《新闻周刊》等的封面，而且在利润上再下一城，使对手如微软 (Microsoft)和雅虎(Yahoo!)顿时失色。
根据七月二十日Google公布业绩，第二季的收入相比于去年同期的三亿四千二百八十万美元，增加了一倍共七亿二千一百一十万美元，每股的股价也由去年二月的 一点一九美元，上升为二点三三美元。
Google的股价大升和它背后的神秘感有关，华尔街的许多分析员都问同一个问题:Google的战略是什么?近年来崛起的Goggle不但是现在最具创意的互联网公司，推出的产品层出不穷，其中许多根本没有利润可言，而且树敌无数。
Google核心的搜寻业务，一下子就将雅虎和微软的msn比了下去，无论是质量还是数量都略胜一筹。而且因为技术上的优势，Google能更准确地选择和使用者相关的广告，包括搜寻时在右方出现的文字广告(adwords)以及网站拥有者自行申请的赞助广告(adsense)，使它的搜寻器利润大幅抛离对手。雅虎因为msn这个大客户的离开(msn在自己的搜寻器卖广告)，正尝试努力恢复过来，在七月份宣布第二季业绩时，虽然业续方面勉强达到市场要求，雅虎也同时宣布像Google一样自动选择相关广告计划「ProjectPanama」押后三个月再推出。
Google的桌面、试算表也挑战着微软的office;它的电邮和日程表结合的模式和outlookexpress和ibm的 lotusnotes较劲;Gmail现在和hotmail、yahoo!mail及aol分庭抗礼;它最近推出的Googlecheckout也有取代ebay的paypal 之势;它的即时讯息软件gtalk可能是导致微软的msn和雅虎的yahoo!messenger结合的原因;Google的地图不但打击了aol的地图服务mapquest，而且引起法国政府推出GeoPortail;Google推出的Google print，也导致雅虎的模仿以及欧洲数码(数字、数位)图书馆成立。 Google还有许多具创意但看起来不着边际的功能，例如Google trend、skechup、mars等等。
首席执行官只重时效
Google现在似乎在任意地创造自己的东西，工程师们更像是艺术家，使用者关心的是Google想做什么?下一步又会推出些甚么呢? Google最终会不会发展成微软一样的公司?Google的首席执行官舒米特(EricSchmidt)在接受《informationweek》访问时表示，Goolge没有大战略可言，他对这东西没有兴趣，更担心的是产品无法准时推出。Google的第一位女工程师、年仅三十一岁的搜寻产品以及使用者经验部门副总裁美雅(MarissaMayer)在六月接受《商业周刊》访问时也表示:「我们相信必须推出更多的产品，而不只是推出表面上很受欢迎的产品。你要找到最成功的创意产品，就是推出五件，然后其中一、两件可以突围而出。」
然而Google的业务已经跳出荧屏，向四方八面伸展，去年Google和美国太空总署合作开发太空项目，今年又和earthlink合作将三藩市铺满wi-fi无线网络，市民可以随时随地免费上网。到底Google是不是正在示范一种互联网时代的新的商业模式?还是一切只是宣传伎俩而已?一个缺乏长远战略的Google伤透了不少分析员的脑筋，不知如何去估量它的价值。
约翰.葛登(JohnSteeleGordon)是美国的商业历史学家、畅销书《TheBusiness of America》和《华尔街世纪》的作者，当他一接到笔者的询问，劈头第一句就笑着说「这不可想像!我想不到好像Google这样的公司也能没有长远的战略!」
在他研究的美国商业史里还没有一家公司不需要长远的战略，不过他也强调现在互联网科技发展迅速，发展长远的策略似乎不太可行。当年科网热潮的时候，许多公司都宣称自己要成为什么什么，结果轻易地取得了风险投资，投资者也深信不疑，但最终所有人随着泡沫爆破而焦头烂额。
香港科技大学商学院教授克里斯.韦斯兰德(ChrisWestland)却有另一番见解。韦斯兰德是注册会计师，即将出版的《InnovationandTechnology Management》(创新和科技管理)将探讨新一代创新科技公司的运营。他表示:「我并不认为Google和传统商业一样有一个长远的战略，事实上， Google在它们本身已经发展完善的搜寻器的基础上，运用的是随机策略(Emmergent Strategy)。当公司需要不断创新的时候，随机策略便显得很重要，很有趣的我们可以留意到美国军方也利用这样的『随机战场策略』，不断发展及加强通讯装备，当战争爆发时能更有效率地传达命令。随机策略和波特(Michale Porter)式的长远计划相反，将是未来的大趋势。」
尊重盖茨而不学盖茨
韦斯兰德认为Google在上世纪九十年代后期由布林和佩奇开创时，他们两人研究的是图书馆学的文本搜寻，和传统电脑科学资料库搜寻不同，图书馆学也需要处理一些无法标准化的索引，例如气味、味道。Google的研究一直都和这方面相关，所以他认为Google下一步会做的是发展各类直接的人机介面，如声音处理和合成，流动的介面如wi-fi等，总之所有人类接触的介面都会尽量渗透。
韦斯兰德说:「我在美国遇到的许多成功的科技企业家并不是只看金钱，他们对于商业和产品更有兴趣。事实是聪明的人都会尊重比尔.盖茨，但是他们不会想成为他。好像佩奇、布林、沃兹尼亚克(苹果电脑共同创始人)、米德(芯片之父)等人搞创新、开公司，都是因为他们喜欢自己的发现。没有人希望像保罗.艾伦(微软的第二把交椅)一样，被摇尾狗似的奉承者烦扰，最后连正常生活也没有。这点在美国许多人都了解，不过我认为香港人很难理解像Google这样的商业模式，至少我遇到的投资银行分析员几乎都是这样子。
------------------------------------
Google十大黄金定律作者:舒米特(ErisSchmidt，Google首席执行官)、贺尔、瓦瑞恩(HalVarian，柏克莱大学教授、Google顾问)
一、组织委员会进行严格招聘
二、满足员工的所有需要
三、拉近员工空间上的距离
四、使合作简单协调
五、身体力行，使用自己的产品
六、鼓励创新
七、尽可能达到共识
八、不作恶
九、资料分析指导决策
Young or not?
I am 24 years old.
Young or Old?
男儿之身，若不能生为英雄，叱咤风云做一番大事业，死又怎能瞑目；
若不能死得轰轰烈烈，于国家他人有益，活着又有多少意义？
我不才，不敢负天赋之责，愿以微薄之力，献身中华民族的伟大复兴事业，愿献身于生物医学工程，让科技的发展使每一个个普通百姓受益而竭尽全力。
做不了英雄，起码不做庸人，死不得悲壮，起码对得起天地良心、列祖列宗。虽不能被铭记万代，起码称得上一个好男儿，可矣！
努力……不息
Young or Old?
男儿之身，若不能生为英雄，叱咤风云做一番大事业，死又怎能瞑目；
若不能死得轰轰烈烈，于国家他人有益，活着又有多少意义？
我不才，不敢负天赋之责，愿以微薄之力，献身中华民族的伟大复兴事业，愿献身于生物医学工程，让科技的发展使每一个个普通百姓受益而竭尽全力。
做不了英雄，起码不做庸人，死不得悲壮，起码对得起天地良心、列祖列宗。虽不能被铭记万代，起码称得上一个好男儿，可矣！
努力……不息
日本利用中国传统文化美化二战
日本利用中国传统文化美化二战
山雨来去
05年是二战胜利六十周年，各国拍了许多电影纪念它。日本人也凑热闹，拍了部战争片《男人们的大和》。其寓意模仿中国的京戏《赵氏孤儿》，结果轰动全日本。如果您想知道日本人对二战失败的真实态度，很有必要看看这两个片子。
《赵氏孤儿》
赵氏孤儿，是中国春秋时一个真实人物，其人其事催人泪下，被后人写成戏剧《赵氏孤儿》。后来，甚至流传到国外。1755年被法国启蒙运动领袖伏尔泰改编为歌剧，被诗人、剧作家歌德称赞为“结了晶的人性”。
故事讲战国晋灵公时，有个名门大族赵氏，被奸臣屠岸贾陷害，满门抄斩。只有刚出生的赵氏孤儿，被门客程婴救出。但被屠岸贾听说，于是下令追杀，要斩草除根。
走投无路的程婴，找到赵氏的一个退休门客公孙杵臼。两人决定，用程婴的亲生儿子，冒充赵氏孤儿。然后，程婴向屠岸贾告发公孙杵臼。屠岸贾信以为真，派人搜出婴儿杀死，公孙杵臼大骂屠岸贾后自杀。屠岸贾心事已了，收程婴为门客，把他的儿子（就是赵氏孤儿）当作义子，教他武功。
二十年后，赵氏孤儿长大成人，知道真相后，杀屠岸贾复仇，后立赵国。
我记得，当时有段被后人非常推崇的对话。公孙杵臼让程婴把儿子留在自己家，然后去屠岸贾那告发。可程婴担心，这样会害死公孙杵臼。公孙杵臼笑答，“救孤，易事耳。复仇，难矣！今吾取其易，公取其难也，请勿推。”这句话大意是说，“今天咱哥俩，想报答赵氏知遇之恩，救小公子性命，其实简单。但是，如果还想报仇，就太困难了！俺年纪大了，就偷懒做点简单的事好了，你拿俺送给屠岸贾吧。至于骗过屠岸贾，抚养赵氏孤儿成人，帮他报仇。这是不可能的任务，非您不可。所以拜托您，请不要推辞。”
中国有句话，自古艰难唯一死。明明是世上最难的事情，但到了公孙老先生嘴里，却轻松的不得了，好象抬抬手而已，怎不令人敬佩！
壮哉，义士！
程婴帮赵氏孤儿报仇后，向他辞别。赵氏孤儿很奇怪，说：“今天大仇得报，我正要和您同享富贵，您怎么能走呢？”。程婴痛哭失声长跪不起，将公孙杵臼的事说了一遍，说：“当年公孙杵臼牺牲自己，救下您和我，是因为相信我能帮你。现大仇已报，我心愿已了，又怎能独享富贵，抛下公孙先生呢？”
于是，起身拔剑，自刎。
壮哉，义士！
《男人们的大和》
大和号，1941年下水，是当时全世界最大的军舰之一，是所有日本人的骄傲，这从它的名字就可以看出。
冲绳岛，是琉球群岛第一大岛，更是日本本土的南部屏障。美国人要想占领日本，就必须先攻下它。
1945年，美军攻击冲绳岛。为了支援冲绳，保卫日本本土。大和号只携带单程的燃油，对美军发动“特攻”，也就是“自杀式攻击”。
在攻击之前，大和号上一个士兵问军官，“‘武士道’和‘士道’的区别是什么？”军官回答：“‘武士道’，就是为了信念，有随时赴死的决心。‘士道’，就是始终不渝的按信念活下去。”
后来，大和号被美军击沉，只有少数官兵死里逃生。整个冲绳战役，日军战死9万多人，仅仅只7 400人被俘。而美军伤亡高达7万余人。日本人悍不畏死的战斗，让美国人心寒，不再发动登陆日本本土的战役。依靠原子弹，解决了战争。
据说日军的顽强抵抗，还赢得一个好处。那就是二战后东京审判时，下令发动战争的日本天皇，得以置身事外。
影片里，大和号上幸存的一个军官，在别人的冷眼下，养大了十一个战争遗孤。其中一个女孩长大后，在另一个幸存的老兵帮助下，来到当年大和号沉没的地方，悼念六十年前的亡魂。
面对朝气蓬勃的下一代，和众多尸沉海底的战友，老兵痛哭失声。他终于明白，“武士道”的精神是慷慨赴死的觉悟，“士道”是选择艰难的活的觉悟。那些不惜死战的士兵，是用自己的生命，为其他国人赢得一个活下来的机会，一个东山再起的机会。
结尾，他和战友的女儿欣然看着十几岁的日本小孩，独自驾船，驾着希望，驶向远方。
天际处，是一轮朝阳……
比较《赵氏孤儿》和《男人们的大和》，细心人会发现，大和号的士兵和公孙杵臼一样，都是决心用自己的死，去换亲人朋友的生。然后由亲人朋友努力完成他们未了的信念。赵氏孤儿活下来，并报了仇，日本人想怎么样？他们没明说，但地球人不知道？
看到这里，大家都能明白。日本人所谓的“武士道”和“士道”精神，其实都是源自中国传统文化。是我国古代“义”的精神的盗版而已。但是，它这个盗版，做得很漂亮，很实用，还能拿出来唬人。
盗版敢唬人，敢堂而皇之的满大街吆喝，说自己是正版。为什么？因为，曾经的正版，已经不见了，死亡了。
中国人传统的“义”呢？在哪里？
山雨来去
05年是二战胜利六十周年，各国拍了许多电影纪念它。日本人也凑热闹，拍了部战争片《男人们的大和》。其寓意模仿中国的京戏《赵氏孤儿》，结果轰动全日本。如果您想知道日本人对二战失败的真实态度，很有必要看看这两个片子。
《赵氏孤儿》
赵氏孤儿，是中国春秋时一个真实人物，其人其事催人泪下，被后人写成戏剧《赵氏孤儿》。后来，甚至流传到国外。1755年被法国启蒙运动领袖伏尔泰改编为歌剧，被诗人、剧作家歌德称赞为“结了晶的人性”。
故事讲战国晋灵公时，有个名门大族赵氏，被奸臣屠岸贾陷害，满门抄斩。只有刚出生的赵氏孤儿，被门客程婴救出。但被屠岸贾听说，于是下令追杀，要斩草除根。
走投无路的程婴，找到赵氏的一个退休门客公孙杵臼。两人决定，用程婴的亲生儿子，冒充赵氏孤儿。然后，程婴向屠岸贾告发公孙杵臼。屠岸贾信以为真，派人搜出婴儿杀死，公孙杵臼大骂屠岸贾后自杀。屠岸贾心事已了，收程婴为门客，把他的儿子（就是赵氏孤儿）当作义子，教他武功。
二十年后，赵氏孤儿长大成人，知道真相后，杀屠岸贾复仇，后立赵国。
我记得，当时有段被后人非常推崇的对话。公孙杵臼让程婴把儿子留在自己家，然后去屠岸贾那告发。可程婴担心，这样会害死公孙杵臼。公孙杵臼笑答，“救孤，易事耳。复仇，难矣！今吾取其易，公取其难也，请勿推。”这句话大意是说，“今天咱哥俩，想报答赵氏知遇之恩，救小公子性命，其实简单。但是，如果还想报仇，就太困难了！俺年纪大了，就偷懒做点简单的事好了，你拿俺送给屠岸贾吧。至于骗过屠岸贾，抚养赵氏孤儿成人，帮他报仇。这是不可能的任务，非您不可。所以拜托您，请不要推辞。”
中国有句话，自古艰难唯一死。明明是世上最难的事情，但到了公孙老先生嘴里，却轻松的不得了，好象抬抬手而已，怎不令人敬佩！
壮哉，义士！
程婴帮赵氏孤儿报仇后，向他辞别。赵氏孤儿很奇怪，说：“今天大仇得报，我正要和您同享富贵，您怎么能走呢？”。程婴痛哭失声长跪不起，将公孙杵臼的事说了一遍，说：“当年公孙杵臼牺牲自己，救下您和我，是因为相信我能帮你。现大仇已报，我心愿已了，又怎能独享富贵，抛下公孙先生呢？”
于是，起身拔剑，自刎。
壮哉，义士！
《男人们的大和》
大和号，1941年下水，是当时全世界最大的军舰之一，是所有日本人的骄傲，这从它的名字就可以看出。
冲绳岛，是琉球群岛第一大岛，更是日本本土的南部屏障。美国人要想占领日本，就必须先攻下它。
1945年，美军攻击冲绳岛。为了支援冲绳，保卫日本本土。大和号只携带单程的燃油，对美军发动“特攻”，也就是“自杀式攻击”。
在攻击之前，大和号上一个士兵问军官，“‘武士道’和‘士道’的区别是什么？”军官回答：“‘武士道’，就是为了信念，有随时赴死的决心。‘士道’，就是始终不渝的按信念活下去。”
后来，大和号被美军击沉，只有少数官兵死里逃生。整个冲绳战役，日军战死9万多人，仅仅只7 400人被俘。而美军伤亡高达7万余人。日本人悍不畏死的战斗，让美国人心寒，不再发动登陆日本本土的战役。依靠原子弹，解决了战争。
据说日军的顽强抵抗，还赢得一个好处。那就是二战后东京审判时，下令发动战争的日本天皇，得以置身事外。
影片里，大和号上幸存的一个军官，在别人的冷眼下，养大了十一个战争遗孤。其中一个女孩长大后，在另一个幸存的老兵帮助下，来到当年大和号沉没的地方，悼念六十年前的亡魂。
面对朝气蓬勃的下一代，和众多尸沉海底的战友，老兵痛哭失声。他终于明白，“武士道”的精神是慷慨赴死的觉悟，“士道”是选择艰难的活的觉悟。那些不惜死战的士兵，是用自己的生命，为其他国人赢得一个活下来的机会，一个东山再起的机会。
结尾，他和战友的女儿欣然看着十几岁的日本小孩，独自驾船，驾着希望，驶向远方。
天际处，是一轮朝阳……
比较《赵氏孤儿》和《男人们的大和》，细心人会发现，大和号的士兵和公孙杵臼一样，都是决心用自己的死，去换亲人朋友的生。然后由亲人朋友努力完成他们未了的信念。赵氏孤儿活下来，并报了仇，日本人想怎么样？他们没明说，但地球人不知道？
看到这里，大家都能明白。日本人所谓的“武士道”和“士道”精神，其实都是源自中国传统文化。是我国古代“义”的精神的盗版而已。但是，它这个盗版，做得很漂亮，很实用，还能拿出来唬人。
盗版敢唬人，敢堂而皇之的满大街吆喝，说自己是正版。为什么？因为，曾经的正版，已经不见了，死亡了。
中国人传统的“义”呢？在哪里？
Thursday, September 07, 2006
我国海洋权益遭邻国蚕食 缺乏主权宣示行动
我国海洋权益遭邻国蚕食 缺乏主权宣示行动
新网9月7日电
最新一期的《瞭望》周刊刊登文章说，目前中国的海洋权益正在遭受海上邻国的蚕食，如何构建和谐海洋，保护我们的正当权益，是目前我们不得不正视的一个重要课题。
根据《联合国海洋法公约》的规定，中国可主张近300万平方公里的管辖海域。此外，中国在太平洋国际海底区域还拥有7.5万平方公里具有专属勘探权和优先开采权的多金属结核矿区。这些“蓝色国土”是我们巨大的资源宝库，可以建成中国自然资源开发的战略基地，能长期提供60%左右的水产品、20%以上的石油和天然气、约70%的原盐、足够的金属，每年还可为几亿人口的沿海城镇提供丰富的工业用水和生活用水。
专家表示，中国是一个人口大国，陆地资源不足，海洋在接替和补充陆地空间和资源等方面有着巨大的潜力与战略意义，其重要性不言而喻。“但目前中国的海洋权益正在遭受海上邻国的蚕食，如何构建和谐海洋，保护我们的正当权益，是目前我们不得不正视的一个重要课题。”中国海洋大学干焱平教授这样认为。
干焱平分析说，中国出于和平外交的考虑，对海域专属经济区很少有宣示主权的行动，而周边国家却在积极强化控制。有的国家多次组织观光团赴南沙群岛其已占岛礁旅游，形成事实控制的态势；有的国家实施所谓的“定居”计划，不断鼓励本国国民向属于中国领土的海岛移民，旨在强化控制和行政管辖，显示其主权。钓鱼岛自古都是中国渔民避风、休渔的栖息地，目前已被日本实际控制，日方一开始还仅是反对中国海军接近钓鱼群岛，现在中方科学考察船也不能接近，甚至中国渔民也不能到附近海域捕鱼。
在此同时，珍贵的油气资源也遭到蚕食。国土资源部广州海洋地质调查局有关专家提供的资料显示，目前，南海周边国家已在中国南沙群岛海域钻探了1000多口油井，每年石油开采超过6000万吨，天然气546亿立方米；日本则试图在东海中日争议区油气进行试开采。
中海油湛江分公司是中国开发南海油气资源的主力企业。公司副总经理谢玉洪介绍说，南海周边国家和地区目前在南沙海域投入开采的油井已超过1000口，这些油井绝大部分位于南海断续线中国一侧水域，每年开采的石油超过6000万吨。记者从谢玉洪展示的南海油气勘探形势图上看到，在南海断续线中国一侧水域，已用红点标识了许多正在开采的油井，谢玉洪说，那些油井没有一口属于中国。
根据《联合国海洋法公约》规定，“岩石”或无人岛可划1550平方公里的领海，能维持人类生存的“有人岛”可获得42万平方公里的专属经济区，日本在钓鱼岛和“冲之鸟岛”的行为意图明显。国家海洋局第一海洋研究所研究员郭炳火说，如果让日本控制钓鱼岛和加固“冲之鸟岛”的意图得逞，不仅大片海域资源被其占有，中国的出海口将失控。南海的局势也复杂，马六甲困局以及南沙岛礁争端还将对我海上能源运输通道构成严重威胁。
目前，中国进出口贸易运输总量的90%左右要通过海上航线运输，战略资源如石油总量的30%、铁矿石总量的50%，需要从海上运输，但是，在中国海洋运输通道上具有战略位置的钓鱼群岛全部岛屿和南海诸岛大部分岛屿，实际控制在它国手中。其中，如果失去钓鱼群岛，东海管辖海域将所剩无几，中国南北海上运输通道将受制于人。(梁钢华 徐冰 周正平)
新网9月7日电
最新一期的《瞭望》周刊刊登文章说，目前中国的海洋权益正在遭受海上邻国的蚕食，如何构建和谐海洋，保护我们的正当权益，是目前我们不得不正视的一个重要课题。
根据《联合国海洋法公约》的规定，中国可主张近300万平方公里的管辖海域。此外，中国在太平洋国际海底区域还拥有7.5万平方公里具有专属勘探权和优先开采权的多金属结核矿区。这些“蓝色国土”是我们巨大的资源宝库，可以建成中国自然资源开发的战略基地，能长期提供60%左右的水产品、20%以上的石油和天然气、约70%的原盐、足够的金属，每年还可为几亿人口的沿海城镇提供丰富的工业用水和生活用水。
专家表示，中国是一个人口大国，陆地资源不足，海洋在接替和补充陆地空间和资源等方面有着巨大的潜力与战略意义，其重要性不言而喻。“但目前中国的海洋权益正在遭受海上邻国的蚕食，如何构建和谐海洋，保护我们的正当权益，是目前我们不得不正视的一个重要课题。”中国海洋大学干焱平教授这样认为。
干焱平分析说，中国出于和平外交的考虑，对海域专属经济区很少有宣示主权的行动，而周边国家却在积极强化控制。有的国家多次组织观光团赴南沙群岛其已占岛礁旅游，形成事实控制的态势；有的国家实施所谓的“定居”计划，不断鼓励本国国民向属于中国领土的海岛移民，旨在强化控制和行政管辖，显示其主权。钓鱼岛自古都是中国渔民避风、休渔的栖息地，目前已被日本实际控制，日方一开始还仅是反对中国海军接近钓鱼群岛，现在中方科学考察船也不能接近，甚至中国渔民也不能到附近海域捕鱼。
在此同时，珍贵的油气资源也遭到蚕食。国土资源部广州海洋地质调查局有关专家提供的资料显示，目前，南海周边国家已在中国南沙群岛海域钻探了1000多口油井，每年石油开采超过6000万吨，天然气546亿立方米；日本则试图在东海中日争议区油气进行试开采。
中海油湛江分公司是中国开发南海油气资源的主力企业。公司副总经理谢玉洪介绍说，南海周边国家和地区目前在南沙海域投入开采的油井已超过1000口，这些油井绝大部分位于南海断续线中国一侧水域，每年开采的石油超过6000万吨。记者从谢玉洪展示的南海油气勘探形势图上看到，在南海断续线中国一侧水域，已用红点标识了许多正在开采的油井，谢玉洪说，那些油井没有一口属于中国。
根据《联合国海洋法公约》规定，“岩石”或无人岛可划1550平方公里的领海，能维持人类生存的“有人岛”可获得42万平方公里的专属经济区，日本在钓鱼岛和“冲之鸟岛”的行为意图明显。国家海洋局第一海洋研究所研究员郭炳火说，如果让日本控制钓鱼岛和加固“冲之鸟岛”的意图得逞，不仅大片海域资源被其占有，中国的出海口将失控。南海的局势也复杂，马六甲困局以及南沙岛礁争端还将对我海上能源运输通道构成严重威胁。
目前，中国进出口贸易运输总量的90%左右要通过海上航线运输，战略资源如石油总量的30%、铁矿石总量的50%，需要从海上运输，但是，在中国海洋运输通道上具有战略位置的钓鱼群岛全部岛屿和南海诸岛大部分岛屿，实际控制在它国手中。其中，如果失去钓鱼群岛，东海管辖海域将所剩无几，中国南北海上运输通道将受制于人。(梁钢华 徐冰 周正平)
Wednesday, September 06, 2006
Adaptive Optics
What is AO?
Adaptive Optics refers to optical systems which adapt to compensate for optical effects introduced by the medium between the object and its image.
Under ideal circumstances, the resolution of an optical system is limited by the diffraction of light waves. This so-called "diffraction limit" is generally described by the following angle (in radians) calculated using the light's wavelength and optical system's pupil diameter:
where the angle is given in radians. Thus, the fully-dilated human eye should be able to separate objects as close as 0.3 arcmin in visible light, and the Keck Telescope (10-m) should be able to resolve objects as close as 0.013 arcsec.
In practice, these limits are never achieved. Due to imperfections in the cornea and lens of the eye, the practical limit to resolution only about 1 arcmin. To turn the problem around, scientists wishing to study the retina of the eye can only see details about 5 (?) microns in size. In astronomy, the turbulent atmosphere blurs images to a size of 0.5 to 1 arcsec even at the best sites.
Adaptive optics (AO) provides a means of compensating for these effects, leading to appreciably sharper images sometimes approaching the theoretical diffraction limit. With sharper images comes an additional gain in contrast -- for astronomy, where light levels are often very low, this means fainter objects can be detected and studied.
Why AO?
Why Adaptive Optics?
In astronomy, the effects of atmospheric blurring can be avoided by going into space. However, facilities like the Hubble Space Telescope are extremely costly to build and operate, and despite their expense, space-based telescopes remain relatively small. To compare HST and the Keck Telescopes, HST cost roughly 20 (?) times more to build and launch, yet Keck has 20 times the light gathering area and -- potentially -- 4-5 times better resolution.
One technique that has been developed for overcoming atmospheric blurring is speckle interferometry, in which hundreds of very short exposures ("specklegrams") are later analyzed to reconstruct the unblurred image. However, because the specklegrams must be short exposures and at the same time have good signal-to-noise, speckle interferometry is limited to imaging very bright objects. Furthermore, results can only be seen following a lengthy reconstruction process.
Adaptive optics compensates for atmospheric turbulence while the observations are in progress. In principle, very faint objects can be imaged in long exposures, provided there is a bright "reference beacon" nearby to allow the AO system to analyze the atmospheric effects. Furthermore, AO's real-time nature means that spectroscopy becomes possible on very small angular scales, and it follows that fainter objects can be studied because less of the night-sky background needs to be included in the light being analyzed.
The nuclear region of the nearby galaxy NGC 7469, with and without AO (from CFHT).
Vision science does not have any means of avoiding the imperfections in the cornea and lens in living subjects, so AO is the only option for studying living retinal tissue. Furthermore, a full adaptive optics system can compensate for micro-fluctuations in eye muscles, which means that the eye does not have to be temporarily paralyzed while under examination.
How Does an Adaptive Optics System Work?
There are several AO systems working in both astronomy and vision science, but all work in closely similar fashions.
Consider a beam of parallel light passing through a vacuum; a slice across this beam will contain some pattern of phases which will move (uniformly) at the speed of light along the beam. If the beam passes through a uniform medium, its speed is slowed but the pattern of phases still moves together. In a non-uniform medium, however, some parts of the beam are slowed more than others, leading to distortions in the uniform wavefront.
All AO systems work by determining the shape of the distorted wavefront, and using an "adaptive" optical element -- usually a deformable mirror -- to restore the uniform wavefront by applying an opposite cancelling distortion.
The most basic systems use a point source of light as a reference beacon, whose light is used to probe the shape of the wavefronts. This may be a bright star, or in the case of vision research a laser spot focused on the retina. Light from this reference source is analysed by a wavefront sensor, and then commands are sent to actuators (pistons) which change the surface of a deformable mirror to provide the necessary compensations. For the system to work well, it must respond to wavefront changes while they are still small; for the earth's atmosphere, this means updating the mirror's shape several hundred times a second!
Adaptive Optics refers to optical systems which adapt to compensate for optical effects introduced by the medium between the object and its image.
Under ideal circumstances, the resolution of an optical system is limited by the diffraction of light waves. This so-called "diffraction limit" is generally described by the following angle (in radians) calculated using the light's wavelength and optical system's pupil diameter:
where the angle is given in radians. Thus, the fully-dilated human eye should be able to separate objects as close as 0.3 arcmin in visible light, and the Keck Telescope (10-m) should be able to resolve objects as close as 0.013 arcsec.
In practice, these limits are never achieved. Due to imperfections in the cornea and lens of the eye, the practical limit to resolution only about 1 arcmin. To turn the problem around, scientists wishing to study the retina of the eye can only see details about 5 (?) microns in size. In astronomy, the turbulent atmosphere blurs images to a size of 0.5 to 1 arcsec even at the best sites.
Adaptive optics (AO) provides a means of compensating for these effects, leading to appreciably sharper images sometimes approaching the theoretical diffraction limit. With sharper images comes an additional gain in contrast -- for astronomy, where light levels are often very low, this means fainter objects can be detected and studied.
Why AO?
Why Adaptive Optics?
In astronomy, the effects of atmospheric blurring can be avoided by going into space. However, facilities like the Hubble Space Telescope are extremely costly to build and operate, and despite their expense, space-based telescopes remain relatively small. To compare HST and the Keck Telescopes, HST cost roughly 20 (?) times more to build and launch, yet Keck has 20 times the light gathering area and -- potentially -- 4-5 times better resolution.
One technique that has been developed for overcoming atmospheric blurring is speckle interferometry, in which hundreds of very short exposures ("specklegrams") are later analyzed to reconstruct the unblurred image. However, because the specklegrams must be short exposures and at the same time have good signal-to-noise, speckle interferometry is limited to imaging very bright objects. Furthermore, results can only be seen following a lengthy reconstruction process.
Adaptive optics compensates for atmospheric turbulence while the observations are in progress. In principle, very faint objects can be imaged in long exposures, provided there is a bright "reference beacon" nearby to allow the AO system to analyze the atmospheric effects. Furthermore, AO's real-time nature means that spectroscopy becomes possible on very small angular scales, and it follows that fainter objects can be studied because less of the night-sky background needs to be included in the light being analyzed.
The nuclear region of the nearby galaxy NGC 7469, with and without AO (from CFHT).
Vision science does not have any means of avoiding the imperfections in the cornea and lens in living subjects, so AO is the only option for studying living retinal tissue. Furthermore, a full adaptive optics system can compensate for micro-fluctuations in eye muscles, which means that the eye does not have to be temporarily paralyzed while under examination.
How Does an Adaptive Optics System Work?
There are several AO systems working in both astronomy and vision science, but all work in closely similar fashions.
Consider a beam of parallel light passing through a vacuum; a slice across this beam will contain some pattern of phases which will move (uniformly) at the speed of light along the beam. If the beam passes through a uniform medium, its speed is slowed but the pattern of phases still moves together. In a non-uniform medium, however, some parts of the beam are slowed more than others, leading to distortions in the uniform wavefront.
All AO systems work by determining the shape of the distorted wavefront, and using an "adaptive" optical element -- usually a deformable mirror -- to restore the uniform wavefront by applying an opposite cancelling distortion.
The most basic systems use a point source of light as a reference beacon, whose light is used to probe the shape of the wavefronts. This may be a bright star, or in the case of vision research a laser spot focused on the retina. Light from this reference source is analysed by a wavefront sensor, and then commands are sent to actuators (pistons) which change the surface of a deformable mirror to provide the necessary compensations. For the system to work well, it must respond to wavefront changes while they are still small; for the earth's atmosphere, this means updating the mirror's shape several hundred times a second!
Tuesday, September 05, 2006
Steve Irwin Leave us forever
有些人活着的时候，你不觉得你拥有什么；但当你失去他的时候，你才发现你失去了很多。
Steve就是这样的人。
When I was a teenage, I watched his program every night. I admire he could live with the nature, all kinds of animals. He is brave, he always takes risk with dangerous animals, snakes, crocodiles, huge spider... He has a beautiful and supportive wife. He looks the happiest guy on the earth. Why the god call him back, this early.
Bye bye, steve, billions of people will miss you, more animals will. Rest peacefully, you are the son of the nature.
Steve Irwin
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Steve Irwin
Born: 22 February 1962
Essendon, Victoria, Australia
Died: 5 September 2006
Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Occupation: Naturalist
Spouse: Terri Irwin
Website: www.crocodilehunter.com
Children: 2
Stephen Robert "Steve" Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006) was an Australian naturalist and television personality. He was best known for his role in the television program The Crocodile Hunter, an unconventional wildlife documentary series he hosted with his wife Terri. He also owned and operated the Australia Zoo at Beerwah in Queensland and fronted several conservation efforts.
Contents [hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
2.1 Rise to fame
2.2 Film
2.3 Animal Planet
2.4 Later projects
2.5 Media work
2.6 Honours
2.7 Environmentalism
3 Media image
4 Personal life
4.1 Family
4.2 Controversy
4.3 Death
5 Trivia
6 References
7 External links
[edit]
Early years
Born to Lyn and Bob Irwin in Essendon, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Irwin moved with his parents as a child to Queensland in 1970. Bob was a reptile enthusiast and when the family moved, his parents started the small Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park, where Steve grew up around crocodiles and other reptiles.
Irwin became involved with the park in a number of ways, including taking part in daily animal feedings, as well as care and maintenance activities. On his sixth birthday he was given a scrub python. He began handling crocodiles at the age of 9, after his father had educated him on reptiles from an early age.[1] He became a crocodile trapper, removing crocodiles from near populated areas, performing the service for free with the quid pro quo that he kept them for the park. Steve followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a volunteer for the Queensland Government's East Coast Crocodile Management program.
[edit]
Career
[edit]
Rise to fame
The park was a family business with Lynn and Bob turning it over in 1991 to Irwin. He took over the running of the park, now renamed the "Australia Zoo", and in 1992 met (at the park) and married Terri. The footage, shot by John Stainton, of their crocodile-trapping honeymoon became the first episode of The Crocodile Hunter, which became wildly successful in the United States and the UK. His exuberant and enthusiastic presenting style, broad Australian accent, constant wearing of khakis and catch-phrase "Crikey!" became known worldwide: His show aired in over 120 countries.[2]
Under Irwin's expansive leadership, the operations grew to include the zoo, the television series, The Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, and International Crocodile Rescue. Improvements to his Australia Zoo include the Animal Planet Crocoseum, the rainforest aviary, and Tiger Temple. Irwin mentioned that he was considering opening an Australia Zoo in Las Vegas and possibly other sites around the world.
[edit]
Film
In 2001, Irwin appeared in a cameo role in the Eddie Murphy film Dr. Dolittle 2. In 2002, his first and only feature film, The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course, was released. In general, reviews of this film were negative. Irwin played himself, in addition to performing numerous stunts for the film. The film follows Irwin who mistakes some CIA agents for poachers. He sets out to stop them from capturing a crocodile, who, unknown to him, has actually swallowed a tracking drone. The film won the Best Family Feature Film award for a comedy film at the Young Artist Awards. The film was produced on a budget of around $13,000,000. It performed well at the box office, taking in just over three times its budget.[1] In 2003 Irwin was reportedly in line to host a chat show on Australian network television, a series that never went into production.
[edit]
Animal Planet
Animal Planet then released a Crocodile Hunter special called "Crocodiles & Controversy", which attempted to explain both the "Baby Bob Incident" and the Antarctica incident. This special argues that Irwin's son was never in danger of being eaten by the crocodile, and that Irwin could not have endangered animals in Antarctica.
Animal Planet ended The Crocodile Hunter with a series finale entitled "Steve's Last Adventure". The last Crocodile Hunter documentary went for three emotional hours with footage of Irwin's across-the-world adventure, visiting locations like the Himalayas, the Yangtze River, Borneo, and the Kruger National Park. Irwin went on to star in other Animal Planet documentaries, including The Croc Files, The Crocodile Hunter Diaries, and New Breed Vets.
[edit]
Later projects
Irwin feeding a crocodile at Australia Zoo.In January 2006 as part of Australia Week celebrations in the USA, Irwin appeared at the Pauley Pavilion, UCLA in Los Angeles, California. During an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Irwin announced that Discovery Kids would be developing a show for his daughter, Bindi Sue.[3] The show, Jungle Girl, was tipped to be similar to The Wiggles movies, with songs that surround a story. A feature-length episode of Australian kids TV show The Wiggles entitled "Wiggly Safari" appears dedicated to Steve, and he's featured in it heavily with his wife and daughter. The show includes the song "Crocodile Hunter, Big Steve Irwin".
Bold textRIP STEVE IRWIN <3Bold text
In 2006, the American network The Travel Channel had begun to show a series of specials starring Irwin and his family as they traveled on cross-country tours.
Steve Irwin was an open supporter of the conservative Liberal Party of Australia. In particular, he strongly supported the incumbent Prime Minister John Howard, describing him once as "the greatest leader Australia has ever had" and the "greatest leader in the entire world"; comments which drew a cynical reaction in the national media.[4]
[edit]
Media work
A poster from Irwin's Quarantine Matters! campaign.Irwin was also involved in several media campaigns. He was employed by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service to promote Australia's strict quarantine/customs requirements, with advertisements and posters featuring slogans such as, "Quarantine Matters! Don't muck with it" [do not contravene its rules].
In 2004 he was appointed ambassador for The Ghan, an Adelaide to Darwin train that began operations in 2004. For some time he was sponsored by Toyota, in keeping with his rugged outback image.[5]
He was also a keen promoter for Australian tourism in general and Queensland tourism in particular. In 2002 the Australia Zoo was voted Queensland's top tourist attraction.[6] His immense popularity in the US meant he often promoted Australia as a tourist destination there.[7]
[edit]
Honours
In 2001 Irwin was awarded the Centenary Medal for his "service to global conservation and to Australian tourism".[8] In 2004 he was recognised as Tourism Export of the Year.[9] Also in 2004, he was nominated for Australian of the Year, which was won by Steve Waugh. Doubts were cast over his nomination when the "baby Bob" incident occurred in January that year.[10]
[edit]
Environmentalism
Irwin believed in promoting environmentalism by sharing his excitement about the natural world rather than preaching to people. He was concerned with conservation of endangered animals and land clearing leading to loss of habitat. He considered conservation to be the most important part of his work: "I consider myself a wild-life warrior. My mission is to save the world's endangered species."[11] Irwin bought "large tracts of land" in Australia, Vanuatu, Fiji and the United States, which he described as "like national parks" and stressed the importance of people realising that they could each make a difference.[12]
He had urged people to take part in considerate tourism and not support illegal poaching through the purchase of items such as turtle shells, or shark-fin soup:
These Hitlers use the camouflage of science to make money out of animals... So whenever they murder our animals and call it sustainable use, I'll fight it. Since when has killing a wild animal, eating it or wearing it, ever saved a species?
There are people who butt out their cigarettes in gorilla-paw ashtrays, with wastepaper baskets that were once elephant feet, who have ivory ornaments… who wear cheetah fur. Don't buy these things! Then there'll be no market and the animals won't be killed.
We have domesticated livestock raised for consumption and perfectly good fake leather and fur, so why must we kill wild animals to satisfy the macabre taste of some rich person?[13]
He founded the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, which was later renamed Wildlife Warriors Worldwide, and became an independent charity. He was described after his death by the CEO of RSPCA Queensland as a "modern-day Noah", and British naturalist David Bellamy lauded his skills as a natural historian and media performer.[14] Irwin discovered a new species of turtle that now bears his name, Elseya irwini — Irwin's Turtle — a type of snapping turtle found on the coast of Queensland.[2]
He also helped to found a number of other projects, such as the International Crocodile Rescue, as well as the Lyn Irwin Memorial Fund, in memory of his mother, with proceeds going to the Iron Bark Station Wildlife Rehabilitation Center.
[edit]
Media image
Irwin cultivated an image as an "Aussie larrikin", making liberal use of Australian slang (such as his catchcry, "Crikey!") in a very broad Australian accent. His unabashed enthusiasm for dangerous animals and childlike energy sometimes made him appear simple, which initially drew some criticism at home. He expressed disappointment at times for media criticism, believing he was being targeted due to a cultural cringe or tall poppy syndrome. [citation needed]
Regardless of local opinion, his media personage was very popular worldwide but especially in the U.S., akin to another great international Australian success — Paul Hogan as "Crocodile Dundee" in the 1980s.[15]
His friends and family often reported that he was to them as he was to the rest of the world — larger than life.[16]
Due to his memorable persona, numerous parodies of Irwin exist, including appearances in Irregular Webcomic!, The Basil Brush Show, It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie, the Flash cartoon On The Moon, The Simpsons, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the webcomic PvP, and South Park's Prehistoric Ice Man episode, among others.
[edit]
Personal life
[edit]
Family
Steve married, in 1992, to Terri Raines from Eugene, Oregon in the United States. The pair had met a few months earlier when Terri had visited the zoo on a holiday. Together they had two children: a daughter, Bindi Sue Irwin (born 24 July 1998), and a son, Robert Clarence "Bob" Irwin (born 1 December 2003). Bindi Sue is jointly named after two of Steve's favorite animals: Bindi (a saltwater crocodile) and Sui (dog), who died in June 2004.
Irwin was as enthusiastic about his family as he was about his work. He once described his daughter Bindi as "the reason he was put on the Earth". His wife Terri once said, "The only thing that could ever keep him away from the animals he loves are the people he loves even more."[17]
[edit]
Controversy
Major controversy arose during a public show on 2 January 2004, when Irwin carried his infant son, Bob, in one arm while feeding a chicken carcass to a crocodile with the other hand. The infant was close to the crocodile, and comparisons were made in the press to Michael Jackson's dangling of his son outside a German hotel window. In addition, child welfare groups, animal rights groups, and many of Irwin's television viewers criticised his actions as being irresponsible and tantamount to child abuse. [3] Irwin claimed that any danger to his son was only a perceived danger and that he was in complete control of the situation, and consistently refused to apologize for his actions despite considerable public outcry both in Australia and abroad. His defenders pointed to his many decades of hands-on experience and direct interaction with crocodiles. Terri Irwin claimed that their child was in no more real danger than a child being taught to swim would be. No charges were filed (although the police did visit Irwin at his home and advised him not to repeat the incident).[18]
The incident prompted the Queensland government to change its crocodile-handling laws, banning children and untrained adults from entering crocodile enclosures.[19] In June 2004, allegations were made that he came too close to and disturbed some wildlife (namely whales, seals and penguins) while filming a documentary, Ice Breaker, in Antarctica.[20] Subsequently, the matter was closed without charges being filed.[21]
[edit]
Death
Fans leave flowers at the Australia Zoo to mourn Irwin's sudden passing.Shortly after 11:00am local time on 4 September 2006, Irwin was fatally pierced in the chest by a stingray while diving in Queensland's Batt Reef, which is part of the Great Barrier Reef. The events were caught on camera and the footage is now in the possession of Queensland Police.[22] Irwin was in the area filming his own documentary, to be called The Ocean's Deadliest, but weather had stalled filming. Irwin decided to take the opportunity to film some shallow water shots for a segment in the television program his daughter Bindi was hosting.[23]
After reviewing the footage of the incident and speaking to the cameraman who recorded it, marine documentary filmmaker and fisherman Ben Cropp speculated that the stingray "felt threatened because Steve was alongside and there was the cameraman ahead..."[22] In such a case, the animal responds by automatically flexing the serrated barb on its tail, which is up to 30 centimeters (roughly 12 inches) in length, upward. In this case, the motion struck Irwin's chest and pierced his heart.[22] Crewmembers aboard his boat called emergency services in the nearest city of Cairns and administered CPR as they rushed the boat to nearby Low Isle to meet a rescue helicopter. Medical staff pronounced Irwin dead when they arrived a short time later.[24]
The Queensland Police Service notified his family and released a statement for the media concerning his death. News of his death prompted a public outpouring expressing shock and loss. Several Australian news websites went down because of high web traffic[25] and talk-back radio experienced a high volume of callers expressing their grief,[26] commemorating his passion and exuberance. Prime Minister John Howard, among many other politicians, expressed his "shock and distress" at the death, saying that "Australia has lost a wonderful and colourful son.”[27] Irwin's body was flown to a morgue in Cairns[28], where stunned family and friends were gathering on Monday night. His wife Terri was informed of her husband's death while on a walking tour in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, and returned to the Sunshine Coast with their two children.[22]
[edit]
Trivia
Irwin was a great fan of the Singapore Zoo, which he considered a sister institution of the Australia Zoo.[29]
Irwin loved mixed martial arts competitions and trained with Greg Jackson in the fighting/grappling system of Gaidojutsu.
Irwin appeared in a 2006 ESPN television commercial in their This is SportsCenter series. In the commercial, he wrestled Albert E. Gator, the University of Florida's mascot, to the ground in an ESPN studio hallway.
In 2004, during an interview with Larry King, he admitted that after receiving many painful bites he had a fear of parrots.[30]
Irwin was a fan of the Essendon Bombers in the Australian Football League, Essendon being where he grew up as a boy.[4] Steve made several appearances with players and was part of an Australian rules football promotion in Los Angeles as part of Australia week in early 2006 [5].
[edit]
References
^ The Australian
^ Lee, Sandra, "Wild Thing", USA Weekend Magazine, 2000-06-18. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, 13 January 2006.
^ Devine, Miranda, "Crikey! Praise for PM puts you in a snake pit", The Sun-Herald, 2003-11-09. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Google cache copy of a Toyota Australia page: Crikey! Steve Irwin loves his Toyotas!
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Keep it simple, mate - copy of an article in The Australian, originally published 27 January 2006.
^ www.itsanhonour.gov.au
^ Crocodile Hunter: Croc Hunter Wins Top Export Gong, copy of Sunshine Coast Daily article, originally published 10th December, 2004.
^ "Irwin defends stunt", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-06. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Enough Rope transcript: Steve Irwin, 6 October 2003.
^ Wildlife Warriors: In the Media 2006, copy of an article from Australian Women's Weekly, August 2006.
^ Reuters: Australia stunned by death of "modern-day Noah", 4 Sep 2006.
^ Elliott, Geoff, "Keep it simple, mate", The Australian, 2006-01-27. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Australian Story transcript: What Lies Beneath, 22 September , 2003 .
^ CNN.com LARRY KING LIVE: Interview With Steve Irwin, airdate November 25, 2004.
^ O'Rourke, Claire, "Croc hunter ducks for cover", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-05. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Steve Irwin baby concerns prompt law change", Sydney Morning Herald, 2005-02-24. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Middleton, Karen, "Crocodile Hunter's frolic with whales gets frosty reception", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-06-14. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin cleared after Penguin Probe", BBC News, 2004-06-15. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ a b c d Gerard, Ian; and Koch, Tony, "Steve Irwin's freak death filmed", The Australian, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Croc Hunter Irwin killed by stingray", THE AGE, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Stingray kills 'Crocodile Hunter'", USA Today, Associated Press, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Richards, David, "Smart Office News: Steve Irwin Not The Only One To Die", 4 September 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Fidler, Richard, "Tributes flow for Steve Irwin", 612 ABC radio, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin brought joy to millions: PM". Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44", Spero News, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Singapore Sling!. International Crocodile Rescue. Retrieved on 16 March 2006.
^ CNN LARRY KING LIVE - Transcript of Interview With Steve Irwin Aired 25 November 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
[edit]
External links
See Wikinews article:
Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Steve IrwinWikimedia Commons has media related to:
Steve IrwinCrocodile Hunter.com (media statement)
Animal Planet
Steve Irwin at the Internet Movie Database
Australian Story: What Lies Beneath, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 September 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 6 October 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve and Terri Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 March 2004.
Persondata
NAME Irwin, Stephen Robert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Australian environmentalist and television personality
DATE OF BIRTH 1962-02-22
PLACE OF BIRTH Essendon, Victoria, Australia
DATE OF DEATH 2006-09-04
PLACE OF DEATH Batt Reef, Low Isles off Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Irwin"
Steve就是这样的人。
When I was a teenage, I watched his program every night. I admire he could live with the nature, all kinds of animals. He is brave, he always takes risk with dangerous animals, snakes, crocodiles, huge spider... He has a beautiful and supportive wife. He looks the happiest guy on the earth. Why the god call him back, this early.
Bye bye, steve, billions of people will miss you, more animals will. Rest peacefully, you are the son of the nature.
Steve Irwin
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Steve Irwin
Born: 22 February 1962
Essendon, Victoria, Australia
Died: 5 September 2006
Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Occupation: Naturalist
Spouse: Terri Irwin
Website: www.crocodilehunter.com
Children: 2
Stephen Robert "Steve" Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006) was an Australian naturalist and television personality. He was best known for his role in the television program The Crocodile Hunter, an unconventional wildlife documentary series he hosted with his wife Terri. He also owned and operated the Australia Zoo at Beerwah in Queensland and fronted several conservation efforts.
Contents [hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
2.1 Rise to fame
2.2 Film
2.3 Animal Planet
2.4 Later projects
2.5 Media work
2.6 Honours
2.7 Environmentalism
3 Media image
4 Personal life
4.1 Family
4.2 Controversy
4.3 Death
5 Trivia
6 References
7 External links
[edit]
Early years
Born to Lyn and Bob Irwin in Essendon, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Irwin moved with his parents as a child to Queensland in 1970. Bob was a reptile enthusiast and when the family moved, his parents started the small Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park, where Steve grew up around crocodiles and other reptiles.
Irwin became involved with the park in a number of ways, including taking part in daily animal feedings, as well as care and maintenance activities. On his sixth birthday he was given a scrub python. He began handling crocodiles at the age of 9, after his father had educated him on reptiles from an early age.[1] He became a crocodile trapper, removing crocodiles from near populated areas, performing the service for free with the quid pro quo that he kept them for the park. Steve followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a volunteer for the Queensland Government's East Coast Crocodile Management program.
[edit]
Career
[edit]
Rise to fame
The park was a family business with Lynn and Bob turning it over in 1991 to Irwin. He took over the running of the park, now renamed the "Australia Zoo", and in 1992 met (at the park) and married Terri. The footage, shot by John Stainton, of their crocodile-trapping honeymoon became the first episode of The Crocodile Hunter, which became wildly successful in the United States and the UK. His exuberant and enthusiastic presenting style, broad Australian accent, constant wearing of khakis and catch-phrase "Crikey!" became known worldwide: His show aired in over 120 countries.[2]
Under Irwin's expansive leadership, the operations grew to include the zoo, the television series, The Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, and International Crocodile Rescue. Improvements to his Australia Zoo include the Animal Planet Crocoseum, the rainforest aviary, and Tiger Temple. Irwin mentioned that he was considering opening an Australia Zoo in Las Vegas and possibly other sites around the world.
[edit]
Film
In 2001, Irwin appeared in a cameo role in the Eddie Murphy film Dr. Dolittle 2. In 2002, his first and only feature film, The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course, was released. In general, reviews of this film were negative. Irwin played himself, in addition to performing numerous stunts for the film. The film follows Irwin who mistakes some CIA agents for poachers. He sets out to stop them from capturing a crocodile, who, unknown to him, has actually swallowed a tracking drone. The film won the Best Family Feature Film award for a comedy film at the Young Artist Awards. The film was produced on a budget of around $13,000,000. It performed well at the box office, taking in just over three times its budget.[1] In 2003 Irwin was reportedly in line to host a chat show on Australian network television, a series that never went into production.
[edit]
Animal Planet
Animal Planet then released a Crocodile Hunter special called "Crocodiles & Controversy", which attempted to explain both the "Baby Bob Incident" and the Antarctica incident. This special argues that Irwin's son was never in danger of being eaten by the crocodile, and that Irwin could not have endangered animals in Antarctica.
Animal Planet ended The Crocodile Hunter with a series finale entitled "Steve's Last Adventure". The last Crocodile Hunter documentary went for three emotional hours with footage of Irwin's across-the-world adventure, visiting locations like the Himalayas, the Yangtze River, Borneo, and the Kruger National Park. Irwin went on to star in other Animal Planet documentaries, including The Croc Files, The Crocodile Hunter Diaries, and New Breed Vets.
[edit]
Later projects
Irwin feeding a crocodile at Australia Zoo.In January 2006 as part of Australia Week celebrations in the USA, Irwin appeared at the Pauley Pavilion, UCLA in Los Angeles, California. During an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Irwin announced that Discovery Kids would be developing a show for his daughter, Bindi Sue.[3] The show, Jungle Girl, was tipped to be similar to The Wiggles movies, with songs that surround a story. A feature-length episode of Australian kids TV show The Wiggles entitled "Wiggly Safari" appears dedicated to Steve, and he's featured in it heavily with his wife and daughter. The show includes the song "Crocodile Hunter, Big Steve Irwin".
Bold textRIP STEVE IRWIN <3Bold text
In 2006, the American network The Travel Channel had begun to show a series of specials starring Irwin and his family as they traveled on cross-country tours.
Steve Irwin was an open supporter of the conservative Liberal Party of Australia. In particular, he strongly supported the incumbent Prime Minister John Howard, describing him once as "the greatest leader Australia has ever had" and the "greatest leader in the entire world"; comments which drew a cynical reaction in the national media.[4]
[edit]
Media work
A poster from Irwin's Quarantine Matters! campaign.Irwin was also involved in several media campaigns. He was employed by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service to promote Australia's strict quarantine/customs requirements, with advertisements and posters featuring slogans such as, "Quarantine Matters! Don't muck with it" [do not contravene its rules].
In 2004 he was appointed ambassador for The Ghan, an Adelaide to Darwin train that began operations in 2004. For some time he was sponsored by Toyota, in keeping with his rugged outback image.[5]
He was also a keen promoter for Australian tourism in general and Queensland tourism in particular. In 2002 the Australia Zoo was voted Queensland's top tourist attraction.[6] His immense popularity in the US meant he often promoted Australia as a tourist destination there.[7]
[edit]
Honours
In 2001 Irwin was awarded the Centenary Medal for his "service to global conservation and to Australian tourism".[8] In 2004 he was recognised as Tourism Export of the Year.[9] Also in 2004, he was nominated for Australian of the Year, which was won by Steve Waugh. Doubts were cast over his nomination when the "baby Bob" incident occurred in January that year.[10]
[edit]
Environmentalism
Irwin believed in promoting environmentalism by sharing his excitement about the natural world rather than preaching to people. He was concerned with conservation of endangered animals and land clearing leading to loss of habitat. He considered conservation to be the most important part of his work: "I consider myself a wild-life warrior. My mission is to save the world's endangered species."[11] Irwin bought "large tracts of land" in Australia, Vanuatu, Fiji and the United States, which he described as "like national parks" and stressed the importance of people realising that they could each make a difference.[12]
He had urged people to take part in considerate tourism and not support illegal poaching through the purchase of items such as turtle shells, or shark-fin soup:
These Hitlers use the camouflage of science to make money out of animals... So whenever they murder our animals and call it sustainable use, I'll fight it. Since when has killing a wild animal, eating it or wearing it, ever saved a species?
There are people who butt out their cigarettes in gorilla-paw ashtrays, with wastepaper baskets that were once elephant feet, who have ivory ornaments… who wear cheetah fur. Don't buy these things! Then there'll be no market and the animals won't be killed.
We have domesticated livestock raised for consumption and perfectly good fake leather and fur, so why must we kill wild animals to satisfy the macabre taste of some rich person?[13]
He founded the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, which was later renamed Wildlife Warriors Worldwide, and became an independent charity. He was described after his death by the CEO of RSPCA Queensland as a "modern-day Noah", and British naturalist David Bellamy lauded his skills as a natural historian and media performer.[14] Irwin discovered a new species of turtle that now bears his name, Elseya irwini — Irwin's Turtle — a type of snapping turtle found on the coast of Queensland.[2]
He also helped to found a number of other projects, such as the International Crocodile Rescue, as well as the Lyn Irwin Memorial Fund, in memory of his mother, with proceeds going to the Iron Bark Station Wildlife Rehabilitation Center.
[edit]
Media image
Irwin cultivated an image as an "Aussie larrikin", making liberal use of Australian slang (such as his catchcry, "Crikey!") in a very broad Australian accent. His unabashed enthusiasm for dangerous animals and childlike energy sometimes made him appear simple, which initially drew some criticism at home. He expressed disappointment at times for media criticism, believing he was being targeted due to a cultural cringe or tall poppy syndrome. [citation needed]
Regardless of local opinion, his media personage was very popular worldwide but especially in the U.S., akin to another great international Australian success — Paul Hogan as "Crocodile Dundee" in the 1980s.[15]
His friends and family often reported that he was to them as he was to the rest of the world — larger than life.[16]
Due to his memorable persona, numerous parodies of Irwin exist, including appearances in Irregular Webcomic!, The Basil Brush Show, It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie, the Flash cartoon On The Moon, The Simpsons, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the webcomic PvP, and South Park's Prehistoric Ice Man episode, among others.
[edit]
Personal life
[edit]
Family
Steve married, in 1992, to Terri Raines from Eugene, Oregon in the United States. The pair had met a few months earlier when Terri had visited the zoo on a holiday. Together they had two children: a daughter, Bindi Sue Irwin (born 24 July 1998), and a son, Robert Clarence "Bob" Irwin (born 1 December 2003). Bindi Sue is jointly named after two of Steve's favorite animals: Bindi (a saltwater crocodile) and Sui (dog), who died in June 2004.
Irwin was as enthusiastic about his family as he was about his work. He once described his daughter Bindi as "the reason he was put on the Earth". His wife Terri once said, "The only thing that could ever keep him away from the animals he loves are the people he loves even more."[17]
[edit]
Controversy
Major controversy arose during a public show on 2 January 2004, when Irwin carried his infant son, Bob, in one arm while feeding a chicken carcass to a crocodile with the other hand. The infant was close to the crocodile, and comparisons were made in the press to Michael Jackson's dangling of his son outside a German hotel window. In addition, child welfare groups, animal rights groups, and many of Irwin's television viewers criticised his actions as being irresponsible and tantamount to child abuse. [3] Irwin claimed that any danger to his son was only a perceived danger and that he was in complete control of the situation, and consistently refused to apologize for his actions despite considerable public outcry both in Australia and abroad. His defenders pointed to his many decades of hands-on experience and direct interaction with crocodiles. Terri Irwin claimed that their child was in no more real danger than a child being taught to swim would be. No charges were filed (although the police did visit Irwin at his home and advised him not to repeat the incident).[18]
The incident prompted the Queensland government to change its crocodile-handling laws, banning children and untrained adults from entering crocodile enclosures.[19] In June 2004, allegations were made that he came too close to and disturbed some wildlife (namely whales, seals and penguins) while filming a documentary, Ice Breaker, in Antarctica.[20] Subsequently, the matter was closed without charges being filed.[21]
[edit]
Death
Fans leave flowers at the Australia Zoo to mourn Irwin's sudden passing.Shortly after 11:00am local time on 4 September 2006, Irwin was fatally pierced in the chest by a stingray while diving in Queensland's Batt Reef, which is part of the Great Barrier Reef. The events were caught on camera and the footage is now in the possession of Queensland Police.[22] Irwin was in the area filming his own documentary, to be called The Ocean's Deadliest, but weather had stalled filming. Irwin decided to take the opportunity to film some shallow water shots for a segment in the television program his daughter Bindi was hosting.[23]
After reviewing the footage of the incident and speaking to the cameraman who recorded it, marine documentary filmmaker and fisherman Ben Cropp speculated that the stingray "felt threatened because Steve was alongside and there was the cameraman ahead..."[22] In such a case, the animal responds by automatically flexing the serrated barb on its tail, which is up to 30 centimeters (roughly 12 inches) in length, upward. In this case, the motion struck Irwin's chest and pierced his heart.[22] Crewmembers aboard his boat called emergency services in the nearest city of Cairns and administered CPR as they rushed the boat to nearby Low Isle to meet a rescue helicopter. Medical staff pronounced Irwin dead when they arrived a short time later.[24]
The Queensland Police Service notified his family and released a statement for the media concerning his death. News of his death prompted a public outpouring expressing shock and loss. Several Australian news websites went down because of high web traffic[25] and talk-back radio experienced a high volume of callers expressing their grief,[26] commemorating his passion and exuberance. Prime Minister John Howard, among many other politicians, expressed his "shock and distress" at the death, saying that "Australia has lost a wonderful and colourful son.”[27] Irwin's body was flown to a morgue in Cairns[28], where stunned family and friends were gathering on Monday night. His wife Terri was informed of her husband's death while on a walking tour in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, and returned to the Sunshine Coast with their two children.[22]
[edit]
Trivia
Irwin was a great fan of the Singapore Zoo, which he considered a sister institution of the Australia Zoo.[29]
Irwin loved mixed martial arts competitions and trained with Greg Jackson in the fighting/grappling system of Gaidojutsu.
Irwin appeared in a 2006 ESPN television commercial in their This is SportsCenter series. In the commercial, he wrestled Albert E. Gator, the University of Florida's mascot, to the ground in an ESPN studio hallway.
In 2004, during an interview with Larry King, he admitted that after receiving many painful bites he had a fear of parrots.[30]
Irwin was a fan of the Essendon Bombers in the Australian Football League, Essendon being where he grew up as a boy.[4] Steve made several appearances with players and was part of an Australian rules football promotion in Los Angeles as part of Australia week in early 2006 [5].
[edit]
References
^ The Australian
^ Lee, Sandra, "Wild Thing", USA Weekend Magazine, 2000-06-18. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, 13 January 2006.
^ Devine, Miranda, "Crikey! Praise for PM puts you in a snake pit", The Sun-Herald, 2003-11-09. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Google cache copy of a Toyota Australia page: Crikey! Steve Irwin loves his Toyotas!
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Keep it simple, mate - copy of an article in The Australian, originally published 27 January 2006.
^ www.itsanhonour.gov.au
^ Crocodile Hunter: Croc Hunter Wins Top Export Gong, copy of Sunshine Coast Daily article, originally published 10th December, 2004.
^ "Irwin defends stunt", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-06. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Enough Rope transcript: Steve Irwin, 6 October 2003.
^ Wildlife Warriors: In the Media 2006, copy of an article from Australian Women's Weekly, August 2006.
^ Reuters: Australia stunned by death of "modern-day Noah", 4 Sep 2006.
^ Elliott, Geoff, "Keep it simple, mate", The Australian, 2006-01-27. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Australian Story transcript: What Lies Beneath, 22 September , 2003 .
^ CNN.com LARRY KING LIVE: Interview With Steve Irwin, airdate November 25, 2004.
^ O'Rourke, Claire, "Croc hunter ducks for cover", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-05. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Steve Irwin baby concerns prompt law change", Sydney Morning Herald, 2005-02-24. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Middleton, Karen, "Crocodile Hunter's frolic with whales gets frosty reception", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-06-14. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin cleared after Penguin Probe", BBC News, 2004-06-15. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ a b c d Gerard, Ian; and Koch, Tony, "Steve Irwin's freak death filmed", The Australian, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Croc Hunter Irwin killed by stingray", THE AGE, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Stingray kills 'Crocodile Hunter'", USA Today, Associated Press, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Richards, David, "Smart Office News: Steve Irwin Not The Only One To Die", 4 September 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Fidler, Richard, "Tributes flow for Steve Irwin", 612 ABC radio, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin brought joy to millions: PM". Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44", Spero News, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Singapore Sling!. International Crocodile Rescue. Retrieved on 16 March 2006.
^ CNN LARRY KING LIVE - Transcript of Interview With Steve Irwin Aired 25 November 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
[edit]
External links
See Wikinews article:
Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Steve IrwinWikimedia Commons has media related to:
Steve IrwinCrocodile Hunter.com (media statement)
Animal Planet
Steve Irwin at the Internet Movie Database
Australian Story: What Lies Beneath, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 September 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 6 October 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve and Terri Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 March 2004.
Persondata
NAME Irwin, Stephen Robert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Australian environmentalist and television personality
DATE OF BIRTH 1962-02-22
PLACE OF BIRTH Essendon, Victoria, Australia
DATE OF DEATH 2006-09-04
PLACE OF DEATH Batt Reef, Low Isles off Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Irwin"
Sunday, September 03, 2006
What is the diference betweem Emulator & Simulator?
Simulator:
A simulator is a piece of software that duplicates as precisely as
possible the processor so you can "run" your code to see if it is
correct. Usually simulators are developped for new architectures to
test them out before it is committed to silicon. Occasionnally, a
vendor will let customer have access to the simulator to help speed
development for that architecture.
Suppose you have written assembly program in a file and corresponding exe
file is ready. The simulator is the pc software which reads the instructions
from the exe and 'minmics' the operation of the processor.
Emulator:
Emulator is a (PC software + a processor). The Processor can be plugged into
the TARGET BOARD when you want to test the developed software in real time
to check run time bugs. When not in use it can be unplugged. The Processor
will have a parallel or JTAG interface with the PC for downloading the exe
file for execution.
Hence, whereas the Simulator is slow in execution, Emulator will be able to
give real time verification of the developed code.
Generally you will test your developed code on simulator first and then go
for checking on emulator.
A simulator is a piece of software that duplicates as precisely as
possible the processor so you can "run" your code to see if it is
correct. Usually simulators are developped for new architectures to
test them out before it is committed to silicon. Occasionnally, a
vendor will let customer have access to the simulator to help speed
development for that architecture.
Suppose you have written assembly program in a file and corresponding exe
file is ready. The simulator is the pc software which reads the instructions
from the exe and 'minmics' the operation of the processor.
Emulator:
Emulator is a (PC software + a processor). The Processor can be plugged into
the TARGET BOARD when you want to test the developed software in real time
to check run time bugs. When not in use it can be unplugged. The Processor
will have a parallel or JTAG interface with the PC for downloading the exe
file for execution.
Hence, whereas the Simulator is slow in execution, Emulator will be able to
give real time verification of the developed code.
Generally you will test your developed code on simulator first and then go
for checking on emulator.
Saturday, September 02, 2006
迷信的科学解释
有些迷信现象是有科学解释的：
比如，看面相，的确可以了解一些人的性格。这主要是因为一个人的面部特征的生长和发育与一个人生长时期的内分泌有很大关系，而一个这个过程同样是决定一个人性格的重要因素。这之间的联系就为通过面相预测人的性格提供了可能。当然这种联系是微妙和复杂的，因此，任何绝对的理论和观点都是不可靠的。这也正是很多人被别人的外表所骗的原因。
不断补充中……
比如，看面相，的确可以了解一些人的性格。这主要是因为一个人的面部特征的生长和发育与一个人生长时期的内分泌有很大关系，而一个这个过程同样是决定一个人性格的重要因素。这之间的联系就为通过面相预测人的性格提供了可能。当然这种联系是微妙和复杂的，因此，任何绝对的理论和观点都是不可靠的。这也正是很多人被别人的外表所骗的原因。
不断补充中……
Friday, September 01, 2006
独岛的光荣
独岛的光荣
张宏杰
类似中日之间钓鱼岛这样的争端，在韩日之间也在不断上演。
韩日之间有一个小岛，长不过２００米，全是礁石，不生草木。韩国人称之为独岛，日本人命名为竹岛。这个小岛在韩日关系中的地位，恰如中日之间的钓鱼岛。二战前，日本占有该岛。独立之后的的韩国宣布对该岛拥有主权。１９５３年５月，日本右翼人士趁韩国正为朝鲜战争所困之时，登上了这无人的小岛，修建起了标志物。
而韩国人是怎么做的呢？
在日本人登上独岛之后，一个２３岁的韩国青年洪淳七趁战争期间枪支管理不严，通过非法手段采购了一批枪支，召集了几个热血青年，渡海登上了独岛，赶走了日本人，在岛上升起了第一面韩国国旗。在那之后，洪淳七靠着一杆步枪，独自一人守卫独岛三年零八个月之久。在他的日记里，记载着无数次和日本舰艇、渔船对峙的记录。后来，韩国政府彻底从战争中脱身出来，派出海上警察完备对上岛，洪淳七才结束了神圣的“守护国土大业”。但韩国政府没有惩罚他的“无组织、无纪律行为”，反而颁发勋章，表扬他的爱国行为。目前，韩国军队已牢牢控制了这个小岛。韩国在独岛常年派驻３４名警察，同时配置了驱逐舰，快艇、直升机，随时戒备日本渔船和海军舰艇的侵犯，令日本船只不敢轻易越过雷池一步。日本人除了口头抗议，别无他法。每个人都知道韩国的崛起和繁荣离不开日本，韩国和日本还同属美日韩军事政治同盟。可是韩国人从不掩饰对日本的仇恨，在对日关系上从来不会因为顾全大局而做任何让步。他们对死不认错的日本人的愤怒，从来是点火就着，怎么激烈怎么来。日本那边在历史问题上稍稍做一点手脚，韩国这边立刻就烈火燎原，吼声振天。小泉参拜靖国神社后，２０名身披国旗的韩国青年聚集在汉城的“独立门公园”，大声抗议后用刀把自己的小指头剁下，装在信封里寄往日本驻韩国大使馆。九名韩国人集体绝食，要求日本人道歉。韩国政府立刻采取最为强硬的外交行动，召回了驻日大使。与此同时，无数韩国人上街烧毁日本国旗，开展抵拷制日货行动。１９９２年，韩国外长明确要求日本政府向战争受害者及其家庭进行赔偿，韩国政府并为此成立了解决该问题的专门班子。按照许多中国人的思维方式，这些举动都属于小不忍则乱大谋，都是属于给两国关系制造麻烦，都是不理智、不沉着、不智慧，势必影响两国政治关系的大局，势必损坏日韩经济贸易关系，到头来害了自己。奇怪的是，韩国人的刚烈居然没有影响韩日关系的“大局”，日本人频频向韩国人示好，日韩经贸关系飞速发展。早在１９９５年，两国的双边贸易额已达４８５亿美元。两国还一起举办了世界杯。更为奇怪的是，死不道歉的日本人居然单单向韩国人道了歉！１９９２年，日本首相宫泽喜一在出访汉城的３天里，先后８次表示谢罪。１９９８年，韩国总统金大中对日本进行了为期４天的访问。访问期间日韩发表了联合宣言，日本首次承认了对韩国的侵略，并正式道歉。然而到现在为止，日本还没有正式向韩国以外别的国家就历史上的侵略行径正式道过歉。本文摘自《读者》２００５年第２期
张宏杰
类似中日之间钓鱼岛这样的争端，在韩日之间也在不断上演。
韩日之间有一个小岛，长不过２００米，全是礁石，不生草木。韩国人称之为独岛，日本人命名为竹岛。这个小岛在韩日关系中的地位，恰如中日之间的钓鱼岛。二战前，日本占有该岛。独立之后的的韩国宣布对该岛拥有主权。１９５３年５月，日本右翼人士趁韩国正为朝鲜战争所困之时，登上了这无人的小岛，修建起了标志物。
而韩国人是怎么做的呢？
在日本人登上独岛之后，一个２３岁的韩国青年洪淳七趁战争期间枪支管理不严，通过非法手段采购了一批枪支，召集了几个热血青年，渡海登上了独岛，赶走了日本人，在岛上升起了第一面韩国国旗。在那之后，洪淳七靠着一杆步枪，独自一人守卫独岛三年零八个月之久。在他的日记里，记载着无数次和日本舰艇、渔船对峙的记录。后来，韩国政府彻底从战争中脱身出来，派出海上警察完备对上岛，洪淳七才结束了神圣的“守护国土大业”。但韩国政府没有惩罚他的“无组织、无纪律行为”，反而颁发勋章，表扬他的爱国行为。目前，韩国军队已牢牢控制了这个小岛。韩国在独岛常年派驻３４名警察，同时配置了驱逐舰，快艇、直升机，随时戒备日本渔船和海军舰艇的侵犯，令日本船只不敢轻易越过雷池一步。日本人除了口头抗议，别无他法。每个人都知道韩国的崛起和繁荣离不开日本，韩国和日本还同属美日韩军事政治同盟。可是韩国人从不掩饰对日本的仇恨，在对日关系上从来不会因为顾全大局而做任何让步。他们对死不认错的日本人的愤怒，从来是点火就着，怎么激烈怎么来。日本那边在历史问题上稍稍做一点手脚，韩国这边立刻就烈火燎原，吼声振天。小泉参拜靖国神社后，２０名身披国旗的韩国青年聚集在汉城的“独立门公园”，大声抗议后用刀把自己的小指头剁下，装在信封里寄往日本驻韩国大使馆。九名韩国人集体绝食，要求日本人道歉。韩国政府立刻采取最为强硬的外交行动，召回了驻日大使。与此同时，无数韩国人上街烧毁日本国旗，开展抵拷制日货行动。１９９２年，韩国外长明确要求日本政府向战争受害者及其家庭进行赔偿，韩国政府并为此成立了解决该问题的专门班子。按照许多中国人的思维方式，这些举动都属于小不忍则乱大谋，都是属于给两国关系制造麻烦，都是不理智、不沉着、不智慧，势必影响两国政治关系的大局，势必损坏日韩经济贸易关系，到头来害了自己。奇怪的是，韩国人的刚烈居然没有影响韩日关系的“大局”，日本人频频向韩国人示好，日韩经贸关系飞速发展。早在１９９５年，两国的双边贸易额已达４８５亿美元。两国还一起举办了世界杯。更为奇怪的是，死不道歉的日本人居然单单向韩国人道了歉！１９９２年，日本首相宫泽喜一在出访汉城的３天里，先后８次表示谢罪。１９９８年，韩国总统金大中对日本进行了为期４天的访问。访问期间日韩发表了联合宣言，日本首次承认了对韩国的侵略，并正式道歉。然而到现在为止，日本还没有正式向韩国以外别的国家就历史上的侵略行径正式道过歉。本文摘自《读者》２００５年第２期
只会讲真话的黄万里
赵诚
有的人不讲真话，是因被周围人的狂热所迷惑；有的人不讲真话，是知道真相却不敢说。黄万里的了不起，是他既能在众人皆醉之时保持清醒，而且不惜为这真话付出大半生的代价。
几年前，人们不知道黄万里是谁。即便现在，大多数中国人对这个名字也陌生得很。但是，人们都知道黄河，也大都知道黄河上有一座三门峡水库——那是一项巨大的失败工程。黄万里就因此出名。
曾有人评价，中国现代真正的科学家不多，黄万里是其中之一。这里的所谓“真正”，包含有这些科学家的悲剧色彩，而黄万里的悲剧在于，他的价值是通过一个工程的失败来证明的。实际上，黄万里的伟大之处，不在于他预见到三门峡工程的失败，而是在面对三门峡水利工程，中国水利专家集体丧失立场的背景下，他孤身对抗“民意”、触犯上级，捍卫了真理和自己的良心。黄万里，著名爱国民主人士、教育家黄炎培之子，清华大学教授，中国著名的水利、水文学专家，我国致力于跨学科研究河流水文与水流泥沙的先驱者之一。作为新中国最有影响的水力专家，修建三门峡工程，他当然义不容辞。但当时人们都听苏联专家的。从１９５２年开始，中国从苏联聘请专家为治理黄河拟定计划，遗憾的是所请的专家为水工专家，他们精通水坝业务，但未必了解黄河。黄万里曾说，苏联虽有建水电站的经验，但黄河跟苏联的河流不一样，黄河有泥沙——正是黄河的泥沙日后成为灾难的根源。１９５４年１０月，在苏联专家的指导下，以水利部和燃料工业部为主成立的黄河规划委员会完成了《黄河综合利用规划》。那是一个看上去非常美妙的远景：在黄河干流上将修筑起４６座河坝，“５００吨的拖船能由入海口航行到兰州。装机总容量可达２３００万千瓦，年平均发电量达１１００亿度，相当于中国１９５４年全部发电量的１０倍，灌溉面积由原来的１６５９万亩扩大到１。１６亿亩。”在这４６座河坝中，三门峡的这座最大和最重要。正是这项工程的修建，导致在以后的４０多年里几十万人口离开他们原本富裕的家园，迁移到土地贫瘠的偏远地区，其中一些人来回迁移十几次，生活变得一贫如洗。据记载，曾有水利专家前往视察后叹息不已，国务院派去的高级官员看了也落泪，说“国家对不起你们”。在当时，几乎没有人公开反对上三门峡工程。充满壮志豪情的领导人们一心一意要在自己手里实现“圣人出，黄河清”的梦想。在这种一边倒的极端气氛下，负有责任的专家大员们不敢面对现实，直抒己见，个别的甚至曲意逢迎，企求腾达。敢于讲真话，道实情，坚持科学见解的人非常之少，黄万里的反对之声就显得格外刺耳。在１９５５年关于黄河规划的第一次讨论会上，许多专家都对苏联专家提出的规划交口称赞，惟有黄万里发言反对。他当场指出：“你们说‘圣人出，黄河清’，我说黄河不能清。黄河清，不是功，而是罪。”１９５７年６月１０日，三门峡水利枢纽讨论会在京召开，此时三门峡水利工程工地已在筹建中。在讨论会上，三门峡工程的“主上派”与只有黄万里一人的“反上派”展开激烈争论。“主上派”们描绘的是建高坝，拦洪蓄沙，让清水出库的美妙图景，而黄万里说，在这个淤积段上是不能建坝的。否则黄河下游的水患将移至中游关中平原，而且他认为，河道里的泥沙起上游切割、下游造陆的自然作用，建坝拦沙让黄河清是违反自然规律的，是不现实的，何况清水出库对下游河床也不利。他指出此坝修后将淤没田地，造成城市灾害。当时出席会议的专家大多同意苏联专家的设计，黄万里孤身舌战。争辩七天后见无效，黄万里退而提出：若一定要修此坝，建议勿堵塞六个排水洞，以便将来可以设闸排沙。这个观点被全体同意通过。但施工时，苏联专家坚持按原设计把六个底孔都堵死了。上世纪７０年代，这些底孔又以每个１０００万元的代价打开。黄万里关于三门峡水利工程的分析和预见，从工程建成之日起便被一一验证了。三门峡水库１９６０年９月建成，从第二年起潼关以上黄河渭河大淤成灾。两岸受灾农田８０万亩，一个县城被迫迁走，西安受到严重威胁。到了５０年后的今天，黄河流域的水土保持日益恶化，下游河水已所剩无几。从１９７２年黄河开始断流，２０世纪９０年代已每年断流平均１００多天。旅居德国的水利工程师王维洛曾在其《前事不忘，后事之师——纪念黄河三门峡工程建成四十周年》中算了一笔账，三门峡工程总结算时耗资达４０亿元，相当于４０座武汉长江大桥的造价，而之后改建费用和因之受灾的地区所遭受的经济损失更是一个谁都无法估量的数字。与苏联专家的设计意见相左本来是一个技术问题，但在当时的形势下就被视为重大的政治问题。加之，在“百花齐放、百家争鸣”政策的感召下，黄万里又在清华大学校刊上发表了小说《花丛小语》。在这篇３０００多字的小说里，黄万里通过包括三门峡水库设计方案的确定等一些事件，指出人民对政府工作的监督及政府决策民主化的必要性。毛泽东在看过《花丛小语》后，一次，遇见黄万里的父亲黄炎培，很不高兴地对他说“你们家里也分左、中、右啊。《花丛小语》里把实行百花齐放政策和国内形势描绘成春寒料峭，雨声凄切，静悄悄，微言绝。这是什么话？”之后，《人民日报》以“什么话”为标题展开了对黄万里的批判。黄万里的右派命运注定。１９５８年黄万里被正式定为右派，工资从二级教授降至四级教授，从此开始了人生道路上的一个大转折。但即便如此，黄万里也没有为自己的言行后悔。三门峡工程败象已露时，国家领导人曾通过黄炎培示意给黄万里，如果他写个检讨，就可能把他右派的帽子摘掉。黄万里不但没有检讨，还给领导写信质问，“国家养仕多年，这是为什么？”有人说，如果他肯钻营，黄万里的一生可能完全是另一个样子。黄万里１９３５年获得美国康乃尔大学水文科学硕士，１９３７年，获美国伊利诺依大学工程博士（该校第七名、中国人中第一名该学位获得者），并在田纳西工程实习。２６岁学成回国后，他历任国民政府全国经委水利技正、水利工程师、涪江航道工程处长、水利部视察工程师，甘肃省水利局长兼总工程师；可以说无论在学历上还是在经验上，国内很少有人能达到黄万里的水平。即便在进入高校教书之后，他也表现出了非常杰出的科研能力。在１９５３年到１９５７年的近四年时间里，他完成了学术专著《洪流估算》、《工程水文学》，这两部专著被认为是２０世纪５０年代水文科学十分重要的代表著作。黄万里于２００１年８月２７日去世。他的子女评价他，“他只说真话，不说假话；只会说真话，不会说假话。对于学术观点是如此，对于政治观点也是如此；对于有利于自己的事如此，对于不利于自己的事也如此。”
本文摘自《读者》2005年第1期
赵诚
有的人不讲真话，是因被周围人的狂热所迷惑；有的人不讲真话，是知道真相却不敢说。黄万里的了不起，是他既能在众人皆醉之时保持清醒，而且不惜为这真话付出大半生的代价。
几年前，人们不知道黄万里是谁。即便现在，大多数中国人对这个名字也陌生得很。但是，人们都知道黄河，也大都知道黄河上有一座三门峡水库——那是一项巨大的失败工程。黄万里就因此出名。
曾有人评价，中国现代真正的科学家不多，黄万里是其中之一。这里的所谓“真正”，包含有这些科学家的悲剧色彩，而黄万里的悲剧在于，他的价值是通过一个工程的失败来证明的。实际上，黄万里的伟大之处，不在于他预见到三门峡工程的失败，而是在面对三门峡水利工程，中国水利专家集体丧失立场的背景下，他孤身对抗“民意”、触犯上级，捍卫了真理和自己的良心。黄万里，著名爱国民主人士、教育家黄炎培之子，清华大学教授，中国著名的水利、水文学专家，我国致力于跨学科研究河流水文与水流泥沙的先驱者之一。作为新中国最有影响的水力专家，修建三门峡工程，他当然义不容辞。但当时人们都听苏联专家的。从１９５２年开始，中国从苏联聘请专家为治理黄河拟定计划，遗憾的是所请的专家为水工专家，他们精通水坝业务，但未必了解黄河。黄万里曾说，苏联虽有建水电站的经验，但黄河跟苏联的河流不一样，黄河有泥沙——正是黄河的泥沙日后成为灾难的根源。１９５４年１０月，在苏联专家的指导下，以水利部和燃料工业部为主成立的黄河规划委员会完成了《黄河综合利用规划》。那是一个看上去非常美妙的远景：在黄河干流上将修筑起４６座河坝，“５００吨的拖船能由入海口航行到兰州。装机总容量可达２３００万千瓦，年平均发电量达１１００亿度，相当于中国１９５４年全部发电量的１０倍，灌溉面积由原来的１６５９万亩扩大到１。１６亿亩。”在这４６座河坝中，三门峡的这座最大和最重要。正是这项工程的修建，导致在以后的４０多年里几十万人口离开他们原本富裕的家园，迁移到土地贫瘠的偏远地区，其中一些人来回迁移十几次，生活变得一贫如洗。据记载，曾有水利专家前往视察后叹息不已，国务院派去的高级官员看了也落泪，说“国家对不起你们”。在当时，几乎没有人公开反对上三门峡工程。充满壮志豪情的领导人们一心一意要在自己手里实现“圣人出，黄河清”的梦想。在这种一边倒的极端气氛下，负有责任的专家大员们不敢面对现实，直抒己见，个别的甚至曲意逢迎，企求腾达。敢于讲真话，道实情，坚持科学见解的人非常之少，黄万里的反对之声就显得格外刺耳。在１９５５年关于黄河规划的第一次讨论会上，许多专家都对苏联专家提出的规划交口称赞，惟有黄万里发言反对。他当场指出：“你们说‘圣人出，黄河清’，我说黄河不能清。黄河清，不是功，而是罪。”１９５７年６月１０日，三门峡水利枢纽讨论会在京召开，此时三门峡水利工程工地已在筹建中。在讨论会上，三门峡工程的“主上派”与只有黄万里一人的“反上派”展开激烈争论。“主上派”们描绘的是建高坝，拦洪蓄沙，让清水出库的美妙图景，而黄万里说，在这个淤积段上是不能建坝的。否则黄河下游的水患将移至中游关中平原，而且他认为，河道里的泥沙起上游切割、下游造陆的自然作用，建坝拦沙让黄河清是违反自然规律的，是不现实的，何况清水出库对下游河床也不利。他指出此坝修后将淤没田地，造成城市灾害。当时出席会议的专家大多同意苏联专家的设计，黄万里孤身舌战。争辩七天后见无效，黄万里退而提出：若一定要修此坝，建议勿堵塞六个排水洞，以便将来可以设闸排沙。这个观点被全体同意通过。但施工时，苏联专家坚持按原设计把六个底孔都堵死了。上世纪７０年代，这些底孔又以每个１０００万元的代价打开。黄万里关于三门峡水利工程的分析和预见，从工程建成之日起便被一一验证了。三门峡水库１９６０年９月建成，从第二年起潼关以上黄河渭河大淤成灾。两岸受灾农田８０万亩，一个县城被迫迁走，西安受到严重威胁。到了５０年后的今天，黄河流域的水土保持日益恶化，下游河水已所剩无几。从１９７２年黄河开始断流，２０世纪９０年代已每年断流平均１００多天。旅居德国的水利工程师王维洛曾在其《前事不忘，后事之师——纪念黄河三门峡工程建成四十周年》中算了一笔账，三门峡工程总结算时耗资达４０亿元，相当于４０座武汉长江大桥的造价，而之后改建费用和因之受灾的地区所遭受的经济损失更是一个谁都无法估量的数字。与苏联专家的设计意见相左本来是一个技术问题，但在当时的形势下就被视为重大的政治问题。加之，在“百花齐放、百家争鸣”政策的感召下，黄万里又在清华大学校刊上发表了小说《花丛小语》。在这篇３０００多字的小说里，黄万里通过包括三门峡水库设计方案的确定等一些事件，指出人民对政府工作的监督及政府决策民主化的必要性。毛泽东在看过《花丛小语》后，一次，遇见黄万里的父亲黄炎培，很不高兴地对他说“你们家里也分左、中、右啊。《花丛小语》里把实行百花齐放政策和国内形势描绘成春寒料峭，雨声凄切，静悄悄，微言绝。这是什么话？”之后，《人民日报》以“什么话”为标题展开了对黄万里的批判。黄万里的右派命运注定。１９５８年黄万里被正式定为右派，工资从二级教授降至四级教授，从此开始了人生道路上的一个大转折。但即便如此，黄万里也没有为自己的言行后悔。三门峡工程败象已露时，国家领导人曾通过黄炎培示意给黄万里，如果他写个检讨，就可能把他右派的帽子摘掉。黄万里不但没有检讨，还给领导写信质问，“国家养仕多年，这是为什么？”有人说，如果他肯钻营，黄万里的一生可能完全是另一个样子。黄万里１９３５年获得美国康乃尔大学水文科学硕士，１９３７年，获美国伊利诺依大学工程博士（该校第七名、中国人中第一名该学位获得者），并在田纳西工程实习。２６岁学成回国后，他历任国民政府全国经委水利技正、水利工程师、涪江航道工程处长、水利部视察工程师，甘肃省水利局长兼总工程师；可以说无论在学历上还是在经验上，国内很少有人能达到黄万里的水平。即便在进入高校教书之后，他也表现出了非常杰出的科研能力。在１９５３年到１９５７年的近四年时间里，他完成了学术专著《洪流估算》、《工程水文学》，这两部专著被认为是２０世纪５０年代水文科学十分重要的代表著作。黄万里于２００１年８月２７日去世。他的子女评价他，“他只说真话，不说假话；只会说真话，不会说假话。对于学术观点是如此，对于政治观点也是如此；对于有利于自己的事如此，对于不利于自己的事也如此。”
本文摘自《读者》2005年第1期
Thursday, August 31, 2006
Monday, August 28, 2006
Wavefront Sensor Overview
Wavefront Sensor Overview: "You are in: Telescope > Wavefront Sensor (WFS) Overview
Wavefront Sensor Overview
All observations with the Gemini telescopes require the use of wavefront sensors (WFSs) assigned to one or more stars to provide image motion compensation (fast guiding) and/or higher order correction. This is achieved by articulation of the secondary mirror, manipulation of the primary mirror figure (active optics, aO) and/or adaptive optics (AO). See an evaluation of the Galactic stellar surface density for expected WFS star availability.
Peripheral Wavefront Sensors (PWFS)
Two peripheral wavefront sensors are part of the Acquisition and Guidance (A&G) system located within the instrument support structure (ISS) cube. PWFS1 consists of a 6x6 lenslet array feeding 2D array detector and PWFS2 has a 2x2 lenslet array feeding its array detector. A selection of filters covering the optical and near-infrared (e.g., V,R,I) is available for each array. Mounted on rotary stages, and as their name implies, the PWFSs patrol an annulus of sky around the science field. The PWFSs are upstream of the science instruments and, whilst they may be moved into the centre of the field for engineering purposes, will vignette the science field unless positioned at sufficient distance. The minimum distance to avoid vignetting depends on the science field of the instrument.
The minimum angular distance (i.e. inner patrol radius) of the PWFS1 and PWFS2 stars from the field center differs for various instruments and their configurations. For example, the PWFS2 guide star must be at least the following distance off-axis to avoid vignetting the science field: NIRI imaging f/32 camera - ~4.2 arcmin; f/14 camera - ~4.6 arcmin; f/6 camera - ~5.0 arcmin; NIRI spectroscopy - depends on sli"
Wavefront Sensor Overview
All observations with the Gemini telescopes require the use of wavefront sensors (WFSs) assigned to one or more stars to provide image motion compensation (fast guiding) and/or higher order correction. This is achieved by articulation of the secondary mirror, manipulation of the primary mirror figure (active optics, aO) and/or adaptive optics (AO). See an evaluation of the Galactic stellar surface density for expected WFS star availability.
Peripheral Wavefront Sensors (PWFS)
Two peripheral wavefront sensors are part of the Acquisition and Guidance (A&G) system located within the instrument support structure (ISS) cube. PWFS1 consists of a 6x6 lenslet array feeding 2D array detector and PWFS2 has a 2x2 lenslet array feeding its array detector. A selection of filters covering the optical and near-infrared (e.g., V,R,I) is available for each array. Mounted on rotary stages, and as their name implies, the PWFSs patrol an annulus of sky around the science field. The PWFSs are upstream of the science instruments and, whilst they may be moved into the centre of the field for engineering purposes, will vignette the science field unless positioned at sufficient distance. The minimum distance to avoid vignetting depends on the science field of the instrument.
The minimum angular distance (i.e. inner patrol radius) of the PWFS1 and PWFS2 stars from the field center differs for various instruments and their configurations. For example, the PWFS2 guide star must be at least the following distance off-axis to avoid vignetting the science field: NIRI imaging f/32 camera - ~4.2 arcmin; f/14 camera - ~4.6 arcmin; f/6 camera - ~5.0 arcmin; NIRI spectroscopy - depends on sli"
OCT
Low coherence interferometry (LCI), low coherence reflectometry, optical coherence tomography (OCT) or partial coherence reflectometry all refer to the same basic set-up, an interferometer under low coherence illumination. A variety of LCI systems have been researched and applied to different fields, in measuring electric or magnetic field, pressure, acceleration, flows, etc. One of the most exciting application of LCI is OCT for imaging tissue. This has revolutionised the imaging technology of superficial tissue, images from retina with less than 5 microns have been recently reported.
Low-Coherence Interferometry is a powerful tool to "section" a transparent object. The technique is currently evolving quickly with applications in medicine in general and ophthalmology in particular. The OCT technology is non-invasive and provides high depth resolution, therefore the technology was applied to different types of tissue, skin, hair, burns, etc. Visualisation of cells, microorganisms, hair, brain and the interior of arteries have been reported with depth and transversal resolution of 5-15 microns. OCT has also been used to image integrated circuits, characterise fibre Bragg gratings and optical waveguides and in surface analysis. In combination with confocal microscopy, OCT can in principle offer 1 micron resolution along all three axes. The OCT field requires an interdisciplinary approach.
The AOG in Kent is at the forefront of OCT system development. The group has pioneered the en-face OCT technology, the first dual channel confocal-OCT instrument for the eye, multi-interferometer configuration to collect simultaneously images from different depths and produced 3D OCT visualisation in real time.
Low-Coherence Interferometry is a powerful tool to "section" a transparent object. The technique is currently evolving quickly with applications in medicine in general and ophthalmology in particular. The OCT technology is non-invasive and provides high depth resolution, therefore the technology was applied to different types of tissue, skin, hair, burns, etc. Visualisation of cells, microorganisms, hair, brain and the interior of arteries have been reported with depth and transversal resolution of 5-15 microns. OCT has also been used to image integrated circuits, characterise fibre Bragg gratings and optical waveguides and in surface analysis. In combination with confocal microscopy, OCT can in principle offer 1 micron resolution along all three axes. The OCT field requires an interdisciplinary approach.
The AOG in Kent is at the forefront of OCT system development. The group has pioneered the en-face OCT technology, the first dual channel confocal-OCT instrument for the eye, multi-interferometer configuration to collect simultaneously images from different depths and produced 3D OCT visualisation in real time.
Wavefront - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wavefront - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: "Wavefront
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the notion of wave front in functional analysis, see wave front set.
In optics, a wavefront is the locus (a line or surface in an electromagnetic wave) of points having the same phase. Since optical frequencies are so high, the temporal component of optical waves is ignored, and it is only the phase of the spatial oscillation that is described. Additionally, most optical systems and detectors are indifferent to polarization, so this property of the wave is also usually ignored.
Contents [hide]
1 Simple wavefronts and propagation
2 Wavefront aberrations
3 Wavefront sensor
4 See also
5 External links
[edit]Simple wavefronts and propagation
Strictly speaking, all optical systems can be described with Maxwell's Equations. However, given the above simplifications, Huygens' principle provides a quick method to predict the propagation of a wavefront through, for example, free space. The construction is as follows: Let every point on the wavefront be considered a new point source. By calculating the total effect from every point source, the resulting field at new points can be computed. Sophisticated computational algorithms are often based on this approach. Specific cases for simple wavefronts can be computed directly. For example, a spherical wavefront will remain spherical as the energy of the wave is carried away equally in all directions. Such directions of energy flow, which are always perpendicular to the wavefront, are called rays.
The simplest form of a wavefront is the plane wave, which when propagating can be seen to give rise to new plane wavefronts, as the corresponding rays are parallel to each other. Technically, this is referred to as a coll"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the notion of wave front in functional analysis, see wave front set.
In optics, a wavefront is the locus (a line or surface in an electromagnetic wave) of points having the same phase. Since optical frequencies are so high, the temporal component of optical waves is ignored, and it is only the phase of the spatial oscillation that is described. Additionally, most optical systems and detectors are indifferent to polarization, so this property of the wave is also usually ignored.
Contents [hide]
1 Simple wavefronts and propagation
2 Wavefront aberrations
3 Wavefront sensor
4 See also
5 External links
[edit]Simple wavefronts and propagation
Strictly speaking, all optical systems can be described with Maxwell's Equations. However, given the above simplifications, Huygens' principle provides a quick method to predict the propagation of a wavefront through, for example, free space. The construction is as follows: Let every point on the wavefront be considered a new point source. By calculating the total effect from every point source, the resulting field at new points can be computed. Sophisticated computational algorithms are often based on this approach. Specific cases for simple wavefronts can be computed directly. For example, a spherical wavefront will remain spherical as the energy of the wave is carried away equally in all directions. Such directions of energy flow, which are always perpendicular to the wavefront, are called rays.
The simplest form of a wavefront is the plane wave, which when propagating can be seen to give rise to new plane wavefronts, as the corresponding rays are parallel to each other. Technically, this is referred to as a coll"
Friday, August 25, 2006
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