我国海洋权益遭邻国蚕食 缺乏主权宣示行动
新网9月7日电
最新一期的《瞭望》周刊刊登文章说，目前中国的海洋权益正在遭受海上邻国的蚕食，如何构建和谐海洋，保护我们的正当权益，是目前我们不得不正视的一个重要课题。
根据《联合国海洋法公约》的规定，中国可主张近300万平方公里的管辖海域。此外，中国在太平洋国际海底区域还拥有7.5万平方公里具有专属勘探权和优先开采权的多金属结核矿区。这些“蓝色国土”是我们巨大的资源宝库，可以建成中国自然资源开发的战略基地，能长期提供60%左右的水产品、20%以上的石油和天然气、约70%的原盐、足够的金属，每年还可为几亿人口的沿海城镇提供丰富的工业用水和生活用水。
专家表示，中国是一个人口大国，陆地资源不足，海洋在接替和补充陆地空间和资源等方面有着巨大的潜力与战略意义，其重要性不言而喻。“但目前中国的海洋权益正在遭受海上邻国的蚕食，如何构建和谐海洋，保护我们的正当权益，是目前我们不得不正视的一个重要课题。”中国海洋大学干焱平教授这样认为。
干焱平分析说，中国出于和平外交的考虑，对海域专属经济区很少有宣示主权的行动，而周边国家却在积极强化控制。有的国家多次组织观光团赴南沙群岛其已占岛礁旅游，形成事实控制的态势；有的国家实施所谓的“定居”计划，不断鼓励本国国民向属于中国领土的海岛移民，旨在强化控制和行政管辖，显示其主权。钓鱼岛自古都是中国渔民避风、休渔的栖息地，目前已被日本实际控制，日方一开始还仅是反对中国海军接近钓鱼群岛，现在中方科学考察船也不能接近，甚至中国渔民也不能到附近海域捕鱼。
在此同时，珍贵的油气资源也遭到蚕食。国土资源部广州海洋地质调查局有关专家提供的资料显示，目前，南海周边国家已在中国南沙群岛海域钻探了1000多口油井，每年石油开采超过6000万吨，天然气546亿立方米；日本则试图在东海中日争议区油气进行试开采。
中海油湛江分公司是中国开发南海油气资源的主力企业。公司副总经理谢玉洪介绍说，南海周边国家和地区目前在南沙海域投入开采的油井已超过1000口，这些油井绝大部分位于南海断续线中国一侧水域，每年开采的石油超过6000万吨。记者从谢玉洪展示的南海油气勘探形势图上看到，在南海断续线中国一侧水域，已用红点标识了许多正在开采的油井，谢玉洪说，那些油井没有一口属于中国。
根据《联合国海洋法公约》规定，“岩石”或无人岛可划1550平方公里的领海，能维持人类生存的“有人岛”可获得42万平方公里的专属经济区，日本在钓鱼岛和“冲之鸟岛”的行为意图明显。国家海洋局第一海洋研究所研究员郭炳火说，如果让日本控制钓鱼岛和加固“冲之鸟岛”的意图得逞，不仅大片海域资源被其占有，中国的出海口将失控。南海的局势也复杂，马六甲困局以及南沙岛礁争端还将对我海上能源运输通道构成严重威胁。
目前，中国进出口贸易运输总量的90%左右要通过海上航线运输，战略资源如石油总量的30%、铁矿石总量的50%，需要从海上运输，但是，在中国海洋运输通道上具有战略位置的钓鱼群岛全部岛屿和南海诸岛大部分岛屿，实际控制在它国手中。其中，如果失去钓鱼群岛，东海管辖海域将所剩无几，中国南北海上运输通道将受制于人。(梁钢华 徐冰 周正平)
Thursday, September 07, 2006
Wednesday, September 06, 2006
Adaptive Optics
What is AO?
Adaptive Optics refers to optical systems which adapt to compensate for optical effects introduced by the medium between the object and its image.
Under ideal circumstances, the resolution of an optical system is limited by the diffraction of light waves. This so-called "diffraction limit" is generally described by the following angle (in radians) calculated using the light's wavelength and optical system's pupil diameter:
where the angle is given in radians. Thus, the fully-dilated human eye should be able to separate objects as close as 0.3 arcmin in visible light, and the Keck Telescope (10-m) should be able to resolve objects as close as 0.013 arcsec.
In practice, these limits are never achieved. Due to imperfections in the cornea and lens of the eye, the practical limit to resolution only about 1 arcmin. To turn the problem around, scientists wishing to study the retina of the eye can only see details about 5 (?) microns in size. In astronomy, the turbulent atmosphere blurs images to a size of 0.5 to 1 arcsec even at the best sites.
Adaptive optics (AO) provides a means of compensating for these effects, leading to appreciably sharper images sometimes approaching the theoretical diffraction limit. With sharper images comes an additional gain in contrast -- for astronomy, where light levels are often very low, this means fainter objects can be detected and studied.
Why AO?
Why Adaptive Optics?
In astronomy, the effects of atmospheric blurring can be avoided by going into space. However, facilities like the Hubble Space Telescope are extremely costly to build and operate, and despite their expense, space-based telescopes remain relatively small. To compare HST and the Keck Telescopes, HST cost roughly 20 (?) times more to build and launch, yet Keck has 20 times the light gathering area and -- potentially -- 4-5 times better resolution.
One technique that has been developed for overcoming atmospheric blurring is speckle interferometry, in which hundreds of very short exposures ("specklegrams") are later analyzed to reconstruct the unblurred image. However, because the specklegrams must be short exposures and at the same time have good signal-to-noise, speckle interferometry is limited to imaging very bright objects. Furthermore, results can only be seen following a lengthy reconstruction process.
Adaptive optics compensates for atmospheric turbulence while the observations are in progress. In principle, very faint objects can be imaged in long exposures, provided there is a bright "reference beacon" nearby to allow the AO system to analyze the atmospheric effects. Furthermore, AO's real-time nature means that spectroscopy becomes possible on very small angular scales, and it follows that fainter objects can be studied because less of the night-sky background needs to be included in the light being analyzed.
The nuclear region of the nearby galaxy NGC 7469, with and without AO (from CFHT).
Vision science does not have any means of avoiding the imperfections in the cornea and lens in living subjects, so AO is the only option for studying living retinal tissue. Furthermore, a full adaptive optics system can compensate for micro-fluctuations in eye muscles, which means that the eye does not have to be temporarily paralyzed while under examination.
How Does an Adaptive Optics System Work?
There are several AO systems working in both astronomy and vision science, but all work in closely similar fashions.
Consider a beam of parallel light passing through a vacuum; a slice across this beam will contain some pattern of phases which will move (uniformly) at the speed of light along the beam. If the beam passes through a uniform medium, its speed is slowed but the pattern of phases still moves together. In a non-uniform medium, however, some parts of the beam are slowed more than others, leading to distortions in the uniform wavefront.
All AO systems work by determining the shape of the distorted wavefront, and using an "adaptive" optical element -- usually a deformable mirror -- to restore the uniform wavefront by applying an opposite cancelling distortion.
The most basic systems use a point source of light as a reference beacon, whose light is used to probe the shape of the wavefronts. This may be a bright star, or in the case of vision research a laser spot focused on the retina. Light from this reference source is analysed by a wavefront sensor, and then commands are sent to actuators (pistons) which change the surface of a deformable mirror to provide the necessary compensations. For the system to work well, it must respond to wavefront changes while they are still small; for the earth's atmosphere, this means updating the mirror's shape several hundred times a second!
Adaptive Optics refers to optical systems which adapt to compensate for optical effects introduced by the medium between the object and its image.
Under ideal circumstances, the resolution of an optical system is limited by the diffraction of light waves. This so-called "diffraction limit" is generally described by the following angle (in radians) calculated using the light's wavelength and optical system's pupil diameter:
where the angle is given in radians. Thus, the fully-dilated human eye should be able to separate objects as close as 0.3 arcmin in visible light, and the Keck Telescope (10-m) should be able to resolve objects as close as 0.013 arcsec.
In practice, these limits are never achieved. Due to imperfections in the cornea and lens of the eye, the practical limit to resolution only about 1 arcmin. To turn the problem around, scientists wishing to study the retina of the eye can only see details about 5 (?) microns in size. In astronomy, the turbulent atmosphere blurs images to a size of 0.5 to 1 arcsec even at the best sites.
Adaptive optics (AO) provides a means of compensating for these effects, leading to appreciably sharper images sometimes approaching the theoretical diffraction limit. With sharper images comes an additional gain in contrast -- for astronomy, where light levels are often very low, this means fainter objects can be detected and studied.
Why AO?
Why Adaptive Optics?
In astronomy, the effects of atmospheric blurring can be avoided by going into space. However, facilities like the Hubble Space Telescope are extremely costly to build and operate, and despite their expense, space-based telescopes remain relatively small. To compare HST and the Keck Telescopes, HST cost roughly 20 (?) times more to build and launch, yet Keck has 20 times the light gathering area and -- potentially -- 4-5 times better resolution.
One technique that has been developed for overcoming atmospheric blurring is speckle interferometry, in which hundreds of very short exposures ("specklegrams") are later analyzed to reconstruct the unblurred image. However, because the specklegrams must be short exposures and at the same time have good signal-to-noise, speckle interferometry is limited to imaging very bright objects. Furthermore, results can only be seen following a lengthy reconstruction process.
Adaptive optics compensates for atmospheric turbulence while the observations are in progress. In principle, very faint objects can be imaged in long exposures, provided there is a bright "reference beacon" nearby to allow the AO system to analyze the atmospheric effects. Furthermore, AO's real-time nature means that spectroscopy becomes possible on very small angular scales, and it follows that fainter objects can be studied because less of the night-sky background needs to be included in the light being analyzed.
The nuclear region of the nearby galaxy NGC 7469, with and without AO (from CFHT).
Vision science does not have any means of avoiding the imperfections in the cornea and lens in living subjects, so AO is the only option for studying living retinal tissue. Furthermore, a full adaptive optics system can compensate for micro-fluctuations in eye muscles, which means that the eye does not have to be temporarily paralyzed while under examination.
How Does an Adaptive Optics System Work?
There are several AO systems working in both astronomy and vision science, but all work in closely similar fashions.
Consider a beam of parallel light passing through a vacuum; a slice across this beam will contain some pattern of phases which will move (uniformly) at the speed of light along the beam. If the beam passes through a uniform medium, its speed is slowed but the pattern of phases still moves together. In a non-uniform medium, however, some parts of the beam are slowed more than others, leading to distortions in the uniform wavefront.
All AO systems work by determining the shape of the distorted wavefront, and using an "adaptive" optical element -- usually a deformable mirror -- to restore the uniform wavefront by applying an opposite cancelling distortion.
The most basic systems use a point source of light as a reference beacon, whose light is used to probe the shape of the wavefronts. This may be a bright star, or in the case of vision research a laser spot focused on the retina. Light from this reference source is analysed by a wavefront sensor, and then commands are sent to actuators (pistons) which change the surface of a deformable mirror to provide the necessary compensations. For the system to work well, it must respond to wavefront changes while they are still small; for the earth's atmosphere, this means updating the mirror's shape several hundred times a second!
Tuesday, September 05, 2006
Steve Irwin Leave us forever
有些人活着的时候，你不觉得你拥有什么；但当你失去他的时候，你才发现你失去了很多。
Steve就是这样的人。
When I was a teenage, I watched his program every night. I admire he could live with the nature, all kinds of animals. He is brave, he always takes risk with dangerous animals, snakes, crocodiles, huge spider... He has a beautiful and supportive wife. He looks the happiest guy on the earth. Why the god call him back, this early.
Bye bye, steve, billions of people will miss you, more animals will. Rest peacefully, you are the son of the nature.
Steve Irwin
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Steve Irwin
Born: 22 February 1962
Essendon, Victoria, Australia
Died: 5 September 2006
Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Occupation: Naturalist
Spouse: Terri Irwin
Website: www.crocodilehunter.com
Children: 2
Stephen Robert "Steve" Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006) was an Australian naturalist and television personality. He was best known for his role in the television program The Crocodile Hunter, an unconventional wildlife documentary series he hosted with his wife Terri. He also owned and operated the Australia Zoo at Beerwah in Queensland and fronted several conservation efforts.
Contents [hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
2.1 Rise to fame
2.2 Film
2.3 Animal Planet
2.4 Later projects
2.5 Media work
2.6 Honours
2.7 Environmentalism
3 Media image
4 Personal life
4.1 Family
4.2 Controversy
4.3 Death
5 Trivia
6 References
7 External links
[edit]
Early years
Born to Lyn and Bob Irwin in Essendon, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Irwin moved with his parents as a child to Queensland in 1970. Bob was a reptile enthusiast and when the family moved, his parents started the small Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park, where Steve grew up around crocodiles and other reptiles.
Irwin became involved with the park in a number of ways, including taking part in daily animal feedings, as well as care and maintenance activities. On his sixth birthday he was given a scrub python. He began handling crocodiles at the age of 9, after his father had educated him on reptiles from an early age.[1] He became a crocodile trapper, removing crocodiles from near populated areas, performing the service for free with the quid pro quo that he kept them for the park. Steve followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a volunteer for the Queensland Government's East Coast Crocodile Management program.
[edit]
Career
[edit]
Rise to fame
The park was a family business with Lynn and Bob turning it over in 1991 to Irwin. He took over the running of the park, now renamed the "Australia Zoo", and in 1992 met (at the park) and married Terri. The footage, shot by John Stainton, of their crocodile-trapping honeymoon became the first episode of The Crocodile Hunter, which became wildly successful in the United States and the UK. His exuberant and enthusiastic presenting style, broad Australian accent, constant wearing of khakis and catch-phrase "Crikey!" became known worldwide: His show aired in over 120 countries.[2]
Under Irwin's expansive leadership, the operations grew to include the zoo, the television series, The Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, and International Crocodile Rescue. Improvements to his Australia Zoo include the Animal Planet Crocoseum, the rainforest aviary, and Tiger Temple. Irwin mentioned that he was considering opening an Australia Zoo in Las Vegas and possibly other sites around the world.
[edit]
Film
In 2001, Irwin appeared in a cameo role in the Eddie Murphy film Dr. Dolittle 2. In 2002, his first and only feature film, The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course, was released. In general, reviews of this film were negative. Irwin played himself, in addition to performing numerous stunts for the film. The film follows Irwin who mistakes some CIA agents for poachers. He sets out to stop them from capturing a crocodile, who, unknown to him, has actually swallowed a tracking drone. The film won the Best Family Feature Film award for a comedy film at the Young Artist Awards. The film was produced on a budget of around $13,000,000. It performed well at the box office, taking in just over three times its budget.[1] In 2003 Irwin was reportedly in line to host a chat show on Australian network television, a series that never went into production.
[edit]
Animal Planet
Animal Planet then released a Crocodile Hunter special called "Crocodiles & Controversy", which attempted to explain both the "Baby Bob Incident" and the Antarctica incident. This special argues that Irwin's son was never in danger of being eaten by the crocodile, and that Irwin could not have endangered animals in Antarctica.
Animal Planet ended The Crocodile Hunter with a series finale entitled "Steve's Last Adventure". The last Crocodile Hunter documentary went for three emotional hours with footage of Irwin's across-the-world adventure, visiting locations like the Himalayas, the Yangtze River, Borneo, and the Kruger National Park. Irwin went on to star in other Animal Planet documentaries, including The Croc Files, The Crocodile Hunter Diaries, and New Breed Vets.
[edit]
Later projects
Irwin feeding a crocodile at Australia Zoo.In January 2006 as part of Australia Week celebrations in the USA, Irwin appeared at the Pauley Pavilion, UCLA in Los Angeles, California. During an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Irwin announced that Discovery Kids would be developing a show for his daughter, Bindi Sue.[3] The show, Jungle Girl, was tipped to be similar to The Wiggles movies, with songs that surround a story. A feature-length episode of Australian kids TV show The Wiggles entitled "Wiggly Safari" appears dedicated to Steve, and he's featured in it heavily with his wife and daughter. The show includes the song "Crocodile Hunter, Big Steve Irwin".
Bold textRIP STEVE IRWIN <3Bold text
In 2006, the American network The Travel Channel had begun to show a series of specials starring Irwin and his family as they traveled on cross-country tours.
Steve Irwin was an open supporter of the conservative Liberal Party of Australia. In particular, he strongly supported the incumbent Prime Minister John Howard, describing him once as "the greatest leader Australia has ever had" and the "greatest leader in the entire world"; comments which drew a cynical reaction in the national media.[4]
[edit]
Media work
A poster from Irwin's Quarantine Matters! campaign.Irwin was also involved in several media campaigns. He was employed by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service to promote Australia's strict quarantine/customs requirements, with advertisements and posters featuring slogans such as, "Quarantine Matters! Don't muck with it" [do not contravene its rules].
In 2004 he was appointed ambassador for The Ghan, an Adelaide to Darwin train that began operations in 2004. For some time he was sponsored by Toyota, in keeping with his rugged outback image.[5]
He was also a keen promoter for Australian tourism in general and Queensland tourism in particular. In 2002 the Australia Zoo was voted Queensland's top tourist attraction.[6] His immense popularity in the US meant he often promoted Australia as a tourist destination there.[7]
[edit]
Honours
In 2001 Irwin was awarded the Centenary Medal for his "service to global conservation and to Australian tourism".[8] In 2004 he was recognised as Tourism Export of the Year.[9] Also in 2004, he was nominated for Australian of the Year, which was won by Steve Waugh. Doubts were cast over his nomination when the "baby Bob" incident occurred in January that year.[10]
[edit]
Environmentalism
Irwin believed in promoting environmentalism by sharing his excitement about the natural world rather than preaching to people. He was concerned with conservation of endangered animals and land clearing leading to loss of habitat. He considered conservation to be the most important part of his work: "I consider myself a wild-life warrior. My mission is to save the world's endangered species."[11] Irwin bought "large tracts of land" in Australia, Vanuatu, Fiji and the United States, which he described as "like national parks" and stressed the importance of people realising that they could each make a difference.[12]
He had urged people to take part in considerate tourism and not support illegal poaching through the purchase of items such as turtle shells, or shark-fin soup:
These Hitlers use the camouflage of science to make money out of animals... So whenever they murder our animals and call it sustainable use, I'll fight it. Since when has killing a wild animal, eating it or wearing it, ever saved a species?
There are people who butt out their cigarettes in gorilla-paw ashtrays, with wastepaper baskets that were once elephant feet, who have ivory ornaments… who wear cheetah fur. Don't buy these things! Then there'll be no market and the animals won't be killed.
We have domesticated livestock raised for consumption and perfectly good fake leather and fur, so why must we kill wild animals to satisfy the macabre taste of some rich person?[13]
He founded the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, which was later renamed Wildlife Warriors Worldwide, and became an independent charity. He was described after his death by the CEO of RSPCA Queensland as a "modern-day Noah", and British naturalist David Bellamy lauded his skills as a natural historian and media performer.[14] Irwin discovered a new species of turtle that now bears his name, Elseya irwini — Irwin's Turtle — a type of snapping turtle found on the coast of Queensland.[2]
He also helped to found a number of other projects, such as the International Crocodile Rescue, as well as the Lyn Irwin Memorial Fund, in memory of his mother, with proceeds going to the Iron Bark Station Wildlife Rehabilitation Center.
[edit]
Media image
Irwin cultivated an image as an "Aussie larrikin", making liberal use of Australian slang (such as his catchcry, "Crikey!") in a very broad Australian accent. His unabashed enthusiasm for dangerous animals and childlike energy sometimes made him appear simple, which initially drew some criticism at home. He expressed disappointment at times for media criticism, believing he was being targeted due to a cultural cringe or tall poppy syndrome. [citation needed]
Regardless of local opinion, his media personage was very popular worldwide but especially in the U.S., akin to another great international Australian success — Paul Hogan as "Crocodile Dundee" in the 1980s.[15]
His friends and family often reported that he was to them as he was to the rest of the world — larger than life.[16]
Due to his memorable persona, numerous parodies of Irwin exist, including appearances in Irregular Webcomic!, The Basil Brush Show, It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie, the Flash cartoon On The Moon, The Simpsons, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the webcomic PvP, and South Park's Prehistoric Ice Man episode, among others.
[edit]
Personal life
[edit]
Family
Steve married, in 1992, to Terri Raines from Eugene, Oregon in the United States. The pair had met a few months earlier when Terri had visited the zoo on a holiday. Together they had two children: a daughter, Bindi Sue Irwin (born 24 July 1998), and a son, Robert Clarence "Bob" Irwin (born 1 December 2003). Bindi Sue is jointly named after two of Steve's favorite animals: Bindi (a saltwater crocodile) and Sui (dog), who died in June 2004.
Irwin was as enthusiastic about his family as he was about his work. He once described his daughter Bindi as "the reason he was put on the Earth". His wife Terri once said, "The only thing that could ever keep him away from the animals he loves are the people he loves even more."[17]
[edit]
Controversy
Major controversy arose during a public show on 2 January 2004, when Irwin carried his infant son, Bob, in one arm while feeding a chicken carcass to a crocodile with the other hand. The infant was close to the crocodile, and comparisons were made in the press to Michael Jackson's dangling of his son outside a German hotel window. In addition, child welfare groups, animal rights groups, and many of Irwin's television viewers criticised his actions as being irresponsible and tantamount to child abuse. [3] Irwin claimed that any danger to his son was only a perceived danger and that he was in complete control of the situation, and consistently refused to apologize for his actions despite considerable public outcry both in Australia and abroad. His defenders pointed to his many decades of hands-on experience and direct interaction with crocodiles. Terri Irwin claimed that their child was in no more real danger than a child being taught to swim would be. No charges were filed (although the police did visit Irwin at his home and advised him not to repeat the incident).[18]
The incident prompted the Queensland government to change its crocodile-handling laws, banning children and untrained adults from entering crocodile enclosures.[19] In June 2004, allegations were made that he came too close to and disturbed some wildlife (namely whales, seals and penguins) while filming a documentary, Ice Breaker, in Antarctica.[20] Subsequently, the matter was closed without charges being filed.[21]
[edit]
Death
Fans leave flowers at the Australia Zoo to mourn Irwin's sudden passing.Shortly after 11:00am local time on 4 September 2006, Irwin was fatally pierced in the chest by a stingray while diving in Queensland's Batt Reef, which is part of the Great Barrier Reef. The events were caught on camera and the footage is now in the possession of Queensland Police.[22] Irwin was in the area filming his own documentary, to be called The Ocean's Deadliest, but weather had stalled filming. Irwin decided to take the opportunity to film some shallow water shots for a segment in the television program his daughter Bindi was hosting.[23]
After reviewing the footage of the incident and speaking to the cameraman who recorded it, marine documentary filmmaker and fisherman Ben Cropp speculated that the stingray "felt threatened because Steve was alongside and there was the cameraman ahead..."[22] In such a case, the animal responds by automatically flexing the serrated barb on its tail, which is up to 30 centimeters (roughly 12 inches) in length, upward. In this case, the motion struck Irwin's chest and pierced his heart.[22] Crewmembers aboard his boat called emergency services in the nearest city of Cairns and administered CPR as they rushed the boat to nearby Low Isle to meet a rescue helicopter. Medical staff pronounced Irwin dead when they arrived a short time later.[24]
The Queensland Police Service notified his family and released a statement for the media concerning his death. News of his death prompted a public outpouring expressing shock and loss. Several Australian news websites went down because of high web traffic[25] and talk-back radio experienced a high volume of callers expressing their grief,[26] commemorating his passion and exuberance. Prime Minister John Howard, among many other politicians, expressed his "shock and distress" at the death, saying that "Australia has lost a wonderful and colourful son.”[27] Irwin's body was flown to a morgue in Cairns[28], where stunned family and friends were gathering on Monday night. His wife Terri was informed of her husband's death while on a walking tour in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, and returned to the Sunshine Coast with their two children.[22]
[edit]
Trivia
Irwin was a great fan of the Singapore Zoo, which he considered a sister institution of the Australia Zoo.[29]
Irwin loved mixed martial arts competitions and trained with Greg Jackson in the fighting/grappling system of Gaidojutsu.
Irwin appeared in a 2006 ESPN television commercial in their This is SportsCenter series. In the commercial, he wrestled Albert E. Gator, the University of Florida's mascot, to the ground in an ESPN studio hallway.
In 2004, during an interview with Larry King, he admitted that after receiving many painful bites he had a fear of parrots.[30]
Irwin was a fan of the Essendon Bombers in the Australian Football League, Essendon being where he grew up as a boy.[4] Steve made several appearances with players and was part of an Australian rules football promotion in Los Angeles as part of Australia week in early 2006 [5].
[edit]
References
^ The Australian
^ Lee, Sandra, "Wild Thing", USA Weekend Magazine, 2000-06-18. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, 13 January 2006.
^ Devine, Miranda, "Crikey! Praise for PM puts you in a snake pit", The Sun-Herald, 2003-11-09. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Google cache copy of a Toyota Australia page: Crikey! Steve Irwin loves his Toyotas!
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Keep it simple, mate - copy of an article in The Australian, originally published 27 January 2006.
^ www.itsanhonour.gov.au
^ Crocodile Hunter: Croc Hunter Wins Top Export Gong, copy of Sunshine Coast Daily article, originally published 10th December, 2004.
^ "Irwin defends stunt", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-06. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Enough Rope transcript: Steve Irwin, 6 October 2003.
^ Wildlife Warriors: In the Media 2006, copy of an article from Australian Women's Weekly, August 2006.
^ Reuters: Australia stunned by death of "modern-day Noah", 4 Sep 2006.
^ Elliott, Geoff, "Keep it simple, mate", The Australian, 2006-01-27. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Australian Story transcript: What Lies Beneath, 22 September , 2003 .
^ CNN.com LARRY KING LIVE: Interview With Steve Irwin, airdate November 25, 2004.
^ O'Rourke, Claire, "Croc hunter ducks for cover", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-05. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Steve Irwin baby concerns prompt law change", Sydney Morning Herald, 2005-02-24. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Middleton, Karen, "Crocodile Hunter's frolic with whales gets frosty reception", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-06-14. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin cleared after Penguin Probe", BBC News, 2004-06-15. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ a b c d Gerard, Ian; and Koch, Tony, "Steve Irwin's freak death filmed", The Australian, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Croc Hunter Irwin killed by stingray", THE AGE, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Stingray kills 'Crocodile Hunter'", USA Today, Associated Press, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Richards, David, "Smart Office News: Steve Irwin Not The Only One To Die", 4 September 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Fidler, Richard, "Tributes flow for Steve Irwin", 612 ABC radio, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin brought joy to millions: PM". Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44", Spero News, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Singapore Sling!. International Crocodile Rescue. Retrieved on 16 March 2006.
^ CNN LARRY KING LIVE - Transcript of Interview With Steve Irwin Aired 25 November 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
[edit]
External links
See Wikinews article:
Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Steve IrwinWikimedia Commons has media related to:
Steve IrwinCrocodile Hunter.com (media statement)
Animal Planet
Steve Irwin at the Internet Movie Database
Australian Story: What Lies Beneath, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 September 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 6 October 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve and Terri Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 March 2004.
Persondata
NAME Irwin, Stephen Robert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Australian environmentalist and television personality
DATE OF BIRTH 1962-02-22
PLACE OF BIRTH Essendon, Victoria, Australia
DATE OF DEATH 2006-09-04
PLACE OF DEATH Batt Reef, Low Isles off Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Irwin"
Steve就是这样的人。
When I was a teenage, I watched his program every night. I admire he could live with the nature, all kinds of animals. He is brave, he always takes risk with dangerous animals, snakes, crocodiles, huge spider... He has a beautiful and supportive wife. He looks the happiest guy on the earth. Why the god call him back, this early.
Bye bye, steve, billions of people will miss you, more animals will. Rest peacefully, you are the son of the nature.
Steve Irwin
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Steve Irwin
Born: 22 February 1962
Essendon, Victoria, Australia
Died: 5 September 2006
Cairns, Queensland, Australia
Occupation: Naturalist
Spouse: Terri Irwin
Website: www.crocodilehunter.com
Children: 2
Stephen Robert "Steve" Irwin (22 February 1962 – 4 September 2006) was an Australian naturalist and television personality. He was best known for his role in the television program The Crocodile Hunter, an unconventional wildlife documentary series he hosted with his wife Terri. He also owned and operated the Australia Zoo at Beerwah in Queensland and fronted several conservation efforts.
Contents [hide]
1 Early years
2 Career
2.1 Rise to fame
2.2 Film
2.3 Animal Planet
2.4 Later projects
2.5 Media work
2.6 Honours
2.7 Environmentalism
3 Media image
4 Personal life
4.1 Family
4.2 Controversy
4.3 Death
5 Trivia
6 References
7 External links
[edit]
Early years
Born to Lyn and Bob Irwin in Essendon, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Irwin moved with his parents as a child to Queensland in 1970. Bob was a reptile enthusiast and when the family moved, his parents started the small Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park, where Steve grew up around crocodiles and other reptiles.
Irwin became involved with the park in a number of ways, including taking part in daily animal feedings, as well as care and maintenance activities. On his sixth birthday he was given a scrub python. He began handling crocodiles at the age of 9, after his father had educated him on reptiles from an early age.[1] He became a crocodile trapper, removing crocodiles from near populated areas, performing the service for free with the quid pro quo that he kept them for the park. Steve followed in his father's footsteps, becoming a volunteer for the Queensland Government's East Coast Crocodile Management program.
[edit]
Career
[edit]
Rise to fame
The park was a family business with Lynn and Bob turning it over in 1991 to Irwin. He took over the running of the park, now renamed the "Australia Zoo", and in 1992 met (at the park) and married Terri. The footage, shot by John Stainton, of their crocodile-trapping honeymoon became the first episode of The Crocodile Hunter, which became wildly successful in the United States and the UK. His exuberant and enthusiastic presenting style, broad Australian accent, constant wearing of khakis and catch-phrase "Crikey!" became known worldwide: His show aired in over 120 countries.[2]
Under Irwin's expansive leadership, the operations grew to include the zoo, the television series, The Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, and International Crocodile Rescue. Improvements to his Australia Zoo include the Animal Planet Crocoseum, the rainforest aviary, and Tiger Temple. Irwin mentioned that he was considering opening an Australia Zoo in Las Vegas and possibly other sites around the world.
[edit]
Film
In 2001, Irwin appeared in a cameo role in the Eddie Murphy film Dr. Dolittle 2. In 2002, his first and only feature film, The Crocodile Hunter: Collision Course, was released. In general, reviews of this film were negative. Irwin played himself, in addition to performing numerous stunts for the film. The film follows Irwin who mistakes some CIA agents for poachers. He sets out to stop them from capturing a crocodile, who, unknown to him, has actually swallowed a tracking drone. The film won the Best Family Feature Film award for a comedy film at the Young Artist Awards. The film was produced on a budget of around $13,000,000. It performed well at the box office, taking in just over three times its budget.[1] In 2003 Irwin was reportedly in line to host a chat show on Australian network television, a series that never went into production.
[edit]
Animal Planet
Animal Planet then released a Crocodile Hunter special called "Crocodiles & Controversy", which attempted to explain both the "Baby Bob Incident" and the Antarctica incident. This special argues that Irwin's son was never in danger of being eaten by the crocodile, and that Irwin could not have endangered animals in Antarctica.
Animal Planet ended The Crocodile Hunter with a series finale entitled "Steve's Last Adventure". The last Crocodile Hunter documentary went for three emotional hours with footage of Irwin's across-the-world adventure, visiting locations like the Himalayas, the Yangtze River, Borneo, and the Kruger National Park. Irwin went on to star in other Animal Planet documentaries, including The Croc Files, The Crocodile Hunter Diaries, and New Breed Vets.
[edit]
Later projects
Irwin feeding a crocodile at Australia Zoo.In January 2006 as part of Australia Week celebrations in the USA, Irwin appeared at the Pauley Pavilion, UCLA in Los Angeles, California. During an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Irwin announced that Discovery Kids would be developing a show for his daughter, Bindi Sue.[3] The show, Jungle Girl, was tipped to be similar to The Wiggles movies, with songs that surround a story. A feature-length episode of Australian kids TV show The Wiggles entitled "Wiggly Safari" appears dedicated to Steve, and he's featured in it heavily with his wife and daughter. The show includes the song "Crocodile Hunter, Big Steve Irwin".
Bold textRIP STEVE IRWIN <3Bold text
In 2006, the American network The Travel Channel had begun to show a series of specials starring Irwin and his family as they traveled on cross-country tours.
Steve Irwin was an open supporter of the conservative Liberal Party of Australia. In particular, he strongly supported the incumbent Prime Minister John Howard, describing him once as "the greatest leader Australia has ever had" and the "greatest leader in the entire world"; comments which drew a cynical reaction in the national media.[4]
[edit]
Media work
A poster from Irwin's Quarantine Matters! campaign.Irwin was also involved in several media campaigns. He was employed by the Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service to promote Australia's strict quarantine/customs requirements, with advertisements and posters featuring slogans such as, "Quarantine Matters! Don't muck with it" [do not contravene its rules].
In 2004 he was appointed ambassador for The Ghan, an Adelaide to Darwin train that began operations in 2004. For some time he was sponsored by Toyota, in keeping with his rugged outback image.[5]
He was also a keen promoter for Australian tourism in general and Queensland tourism in particular. In 2002 the Australia Zoo was voted Queensland's top tourist attraction.[6] His immense popularity in the US meant he often promoted Australia as a tourist destination there.[7]
[edit]
Honours
In 2001 Irwin was awarded the Centenary Medal for his "service to global conservation and to Australian tourism".[8] In 2004 he was recognised as Tourism Export of the Year.[9] Also in 2004, he was nominated for Australian of the Year, which was won by Steve Waugh. Doubts were cast over his nomination when the "baby Bob" incident occurred in January that year.[10]
[edit]
Environmentalism
Irwin believed in promoting environmentalism by sharing his excitement about the natural world rather than preaching to people. He was concerned with conservation of endangered animals and land clearing leading to loss of habitat. He considered conservation to be the most important part of his work: "I consider myself a wild-life warrior. My mission is to save the world's endangered species."[11] Irwin bought "large tracts of land" in Australia, Vanuatu, Fiji and the United States, which he described as "like national parks" and stressed the importance of people realising that they could each make a difference.[12]
He had urged people to take part in considerate tourism and not support illegal poaching through the purchase of items such as turtle shells, or shark-fin soup:
These Hitlers use the camouflage of science to make money out of animals... So whenever they murder our animals and call it sustainable use, I'll fight it. Since when has killing a wild animal, eating it or wearing it, ever saved a species?
There are people who butt out their cigarettes in gorilla-paw ashtrays, with wastepaper baskets that were once elephant feet, who have ivory ornaments… who wear cheetah fur. Don't buy these things! Then there'll be no market and the animals won't be killed.
We have domesticated livestock raised for consumption and perfectly good fake leather and fur, so why must we kill wild animals to satisfy the macabre taste of some rich person?[13]
He founded the Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation, which was later renamed Wildlife Warriors Worldwide, and became an independent charity. He was described after his death by the CEO of RSPCA Queensland as a "modern-day Noah", and British naturalist David Bellamy lauded his skills as a natural historian and media performer.[14] Irwin discovered a new species of turtle that now bears his name, Elseya irwini — Irwin's Turtle — a type of snapping turtle found on the coast of Queensland.[2]
He also helped to found a number of other projects, such as the International Crocodile Rescue, as well as the Lyn Irwin Memorial Fund, in memory of his mother, with proceeds going to the Iron Bark Station Wildlife Rehabilitation Center.
[edit]
Media image
Irwin cultivated an image as an "Aussie larrikin", making liberal use of Australian slang (such as his catchcry, "Crikey!") in a very broad Australian accent. His unabashed enthusiasm for dangerous animals and childlike energy sometimes made him appear simple, which initially drew some criticism at home. He expressed disappointment at times for media criticism, believing he was being targeted due to a cultural cringe or tall poppy syndrome. [citation needed]
Regardless of local opinion, his media personage was very popular worldwide but especially in the U.S., akin to another great international Australian success — Paul Hogan as "Crocodile Dundee" in the 1980s.[15]
His friends and family often reported that he was to them as he was to the rest of the world — larger than life.[16]
Due to his memorable persona, numerous parodies of Irwin exist, including appearances in Irregular Webcomic!, The Basil Brush Show, It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie, the Flash cartoon On The Moon, The Simpsons, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the webcomic PvP, and South Park's Prehistoric Ice Man episode, among others.
[edit]
Personal life
[edit]
Family
Steve married, in 1992, to Terri Raines from Eugene, Oregon in the United States. The pair had met a few months earlier when Terri had visited the zoo on a holiday. Together they had two children: a daughter, Bindi Sue Irwin (born 24 July 1998), and a son, Robert Clarence "Bob" Irwin (born 1 December 2003). Bindi Sue is jointly named after two of Steve's favorite animals: Bindi (a saltwater crocodile) and Sui (dog), who died in June 2004.
Irwin was as enthusiastic about his family as he was about his work. He once described his daughter Bindi as "the reason he was put on the Earth". His wife Terri once said, "The only thing that could ever keep him away from the animals he loves are the people he loves even more."[17]
[edit]
Controversy
Major controversy arose during a public show on 2 January 2004, when Irwin carried his infant son, Bob, in one arm while feeding a chicken carcass to a crocodile with the other hand. The infant was close to the crocodile, and comparisons were made in the press to Michael Jackson's dangling of his son outside a German hotel window. In addition, child welfare groups, animal rights groups, and many of Irwin's television viewers criticised his actions as being irresponsible and tantamount to child abuse. [3] Irwin claimed that any danger to his son was only a perceived danger and that he was in complete control of the situation, and consistently refused to apologize for his actions despite considerable public outcry both in Australia and abroad. His defenders pointed to his many decades of hands-on experience and direct interaction with crocodiles. Terri Irwin claimed that their child was in no more real danger than a child being taught to swim would be. No charges were filed (although the police did visit Irwin at his home and advised him not to repeat the incident).[18]
The incident prompted the Queensland government to change its crocodile-handling laws, banning children and untrained adults from entering crocodile enclosures.[19] In June 2004, allegations were made that he came too close to and disturbed some wildlife (namely whales, seals and penguins) while filming a documentary, Ice Breaker, in Antarctica.[20] Subsequently, the matter was closed without charges being filed.[21]
[edit]
Death
Fans leave flowers at the Australia Zoo to mourn Irwin's sudden passing.Shortly after 11:00am local time on 4 September 2006, Irwin was fatally pierced in the chest by a stingray while diving in Queensland's Batt Reef, which is part of the Great Barrier Reef. The events were caught on camera and the footage is now in the possession of Queensland Police.[22] Irwin was in the area filming his own documentary, to be called The Ocean's Deadliest, but weather had stalled filming. Irwin decided to take the opportunity to film some shallow water shots for a segment in the television program his daughter Bindi was hosting.[23]
After reviewing the footage of the incident and speaking to the cameraman who recorded it, marine documentary filmmaker and fisherman Ben Cropp speculated that the stingray "felt threatened because Steve was alongside and there was the cameraman ahead..."[22] In such a case, the animal responds by automatically flexing the serrated barb on its tail, which is up to 30 centimeters (roughly 12 inches) in length, upward. In this case, the motion struck Irwin's chest and pierced his heart.[22] Crewmembers aboard his boat called emergency services in the nearest city of Cairns and administered CPR as they rushed the boat to nearby Low Isle to meet a rescue helicopter. Medical staff pronounced Irwin dead when they arrived a short time later.[24]
The Queensland Police Service notified his family and released a statement for the media concerning his death. News of his death prompted a public outpouring expressing shock and loss. Several Australian news websites went down because of high web traffic[25] and talk-back radio experienced a high volume of callers expressing their grief,[26] commemorating his passion and exuberance. Prime Minister John Howard, among many other politicians, expressed his "shock and distress" at the death, saying that "Australia has lost a wonderful and colourful son.”[27] Irwin's body was flown to a morgue in Cairns[28], where stunned family and friends were gathering on Monday night. His wife Terri was informed of her husband's death while on a walking tour in the Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair National Park in Tasmania, and returned to the Sunshine Coast with their two children.[22]
[edit]
Trivia
Irwin was a great fan of the Singapore Zoo, which he considered a sister institution of the Australia Zoo.[29]
Irwin loved mixed martial arts competitions and trained with Greg Jackson in the fighting/grappling system of Gaidojutsu.
Irwin appeared in a 2006 ESPN television commercial in their This is SportsCenter series. In the commercial, he wrestled Albert E. Gator, the University of Florida's mascot, to the ground in an ESPN studio hallway.
In 2004, during an interview with Larry King, he admitted that after receiving many painful bites he had a fear of parrots.[30]
Irwin was a fan of the Essendon Bombers in the Australian Football League, Essendon being where he grew up as a boy.[4] Steve made several appearances with players and was part of an Australian rules football promotion in Los Angeles as part of Australia week in early 2006 [5].
[edit]
References
^ The Australian
^ Lee, Sandra, "Wild Thing", USA Weekend Magazine, 2000-06-18. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, 13 January 2006.
^ Devine, Miranda, "Crikey! Praise for PM puts you in a snake pit", The Sun-Herald, 2003-11-09. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Google cache copy of a Toyota Australia page: Crikey! Steve Irwin loves his Toyotas!
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Keep it simple, mate - copy of an article in The Australian, originally published 27 January 2006.
^ www.itsanhonour.gov.au
^ Crocodile Hunter: Croc Hunter Wins Top Export Gong, copy of Sunshine Coast Daily article, originally published 10th December, 2004.
^ "Irwin defends stunt", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-06. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ The Age: He's smart, by crikey, June 10 2003.
^ Enough Rope transcript: Steve Irwin, 6 October 2003.
^ Wildlife Warriors: In the Media 2006, copy of an article from Australian Women's Weekly, August 2006.
^ Reuters: Australia stunned by death of "modern-day Noah", 4 Sep 2006.
^ Elliott, Geoff, "Keep it simple, mate", The Australian, 2006-01-27. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Australian Story transcript: What Lies Beneath, 22 September , 2003 .
^ CNN.com LARRY KING LIVE: Interview With Steve Irwin, airdate November 25, 2004.
^ O'Rourke, Claire, "Croc hunter ducks for cover", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-01-05. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Steve Irwin baby concerns prompt law change", Sydney Morning Herald, 2005-02-24. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Middleton, Karen, "Crocodile Hunter's frolic with whales gets frosty reception", Sydney Morning Herald, 2004-06-14. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin cleared after Penguin Probe", BBC News, 2004-06-15. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ a b c d Gerard, Ian; and Koch, Tony, "Steve Irwin's freak death filmed", The Australian, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Croc Hunter Irwin killed by stingray", THE AGE, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Stingray kills 'Crocodile Hunter'", USA Today, Associated Press, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Richards, David, "Smart Office News: Steve Irwin Not The Only One To Die", 4 September 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Fidler, Richard, "Tributes flow for Steve Irwin", 612 ABC radio, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Irwin brought joy to millions: PM". Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ "Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44", Spero News, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2006-09-04.
^ Singapore Sling!. International Crocodile Rescue. Retrieved on 16 March 2006.
^ CNN LARRY KING LIVE - Transcript of Interview With Steve Irwin Aired 25 November 2004. Retrieved 4 September 2006.
[edit]
External links
See Wikinews article:
Crocodile Hunter's Steve Irwin dies at 44Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Steve IrwinWikimedia Commons has media related to:
Steve IrwinCrocodile Hunter.com (media statement)
Animal Planet
Steve Irwin at the Internet Movie Database
Australian Story: What Lies Beneath, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 September 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 6 October 2003.
Enough Rope with Andrew Denton: Steve and Terri Irwin, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 22 March 2004.
Persondata
NAME Irwin, Stephen Robert
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION Australian environmentalist and television personality
DATE OF BIRTH 1962-02-22
PLACE OF BIRTH Essendon, Victoria, Australia
DATE OF DEATH 2006-09-04
PLACE OF DEATH Batt Reef, Low Isles off Port Douglas, Queensland, Australia
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Irwin"
Sunday, September 03, 2006
What is the diference betweem Emulator & Simulator?
Simulator:
A simulator is a piece of software that duplicates as precisely as
possible the processor so you can "run" your code to see if it is
correct. Usually simulators are developped for new architectures to
test them out before it is committed to silicon. Occasionnally, a
vendor will let customer have access to the simulator to help speed
development for that architecture.
Suppose you have written assembly program in a file and corresponding exe
file is ready. The simulator is the pc software which reads the instructions
from the exe and 'minmics' the operation of the processor.
Emulator:
Emulator is a (PC software + a processor). The Processor can be plugged into
the TARGET BOARD when you want to test the developed software in real time
to check run time bugs. When not in use it can be unplugged. The Processor
will have a parallel or JTAG interface with the PC for downloading the exe
file for execution.
Hence, whereas the Simulator is slow in execution, Emulator will be able to
give real time verification of the developed code.
Generally you will test your developed code on simulator first and then go
for checking on emulator.
A simulator is a piece of software that duplicates as precisely as
possible the processor so you can "run" your code to see if it is
correct. Usually simulators are developped for new architectures to
test them out before it is committed to silicon. Occasionnally, a
vendor will let customer have access to the simulator to help speed
development for that architecture.
Suppose you have written assembly program in a file and corresponding exe
file is ready. The simulator is the pc software which reads the instructions
from the exe and 'minmics' the operation of the processor.
Emulator:
Emulator is a (PC software + a processor). The Processor can be plugged into
the TARGET BOARD when you want to test the developed software in real time
to check run time bugs. When not in use it can be unplugged. The Processor
will have a parallel or JTAG interface with the PC for downloading the exe
file for execution.
Hence, whereas the Simulator is slow in execution, Emulator will be able to
give real time verification of the developed code.
Generally you will test your developed code on simulator first and then go
for checking on emulator.
Saturday, September 02, 2006
迷信的科学解释
有些迷信现象是有科学解释的：
比如，看面相，的确可以了解一些人的性格。这主要是因为一个人的面部特征的生长和发育与一个人生长时期的内分泌有很大关系，而一个这个过程同样是决定一个人性格的重要因素。这之间的联系就为通过面相预测人的性格提供了可能。当然这种联系是微妙和复杂的，因此，任何绝对的理论和观点都是不可靠的。这也正是很多人被别人的外表所骗的原因。
不断补充中……
比如，看面相，的确可以了解一些人的性格。这主要是因为一个人的面部特征的生长和发育与一个人生长时期的内分泌有很大关系，而一个这个过程同样是决定一个人性格的重要因素。这之间的联系就为通过面相预测人的性格提供了可能。当然这种联系是微妙和复杂的，因此，任何绝对的理论和观点都是不可靠的。这也正是很多人被别人的外表所骗的原因。
不断补充中……
Friday, September 01, 2006
独岛的光荣
独岛的光荣
张宏杰
类似中日之间钓鱼岛这样的争端，在韩日之间也在不断上演。
韩日之间有一个小岛，长不过２００米，全是礁石，不生草木。韩国人称之为独岛，日本人命名为竹岛。这个小岛在韩日关系中的地位，恰如中日之间的钓鱼岛。二战前，日本占有该岛。独立之后的的韩国宣布对该岛拥有主权。１９５３年５月，日本右翼人士趁韩国正为朝鲜战争所困之时，登上了这无人的小岛，修建起了标志物。
而韩国人是怎么做的呢？
在日本人登上独岛之后，一个２３岁的韩国青年洪淳七趁战争期间枪支管理不严，通过非法手段采购了一批枪支，召集了几个热血青年，渡海登上了独岛，赶走了日本人，在岛上升起了第一面韩国国旗。在那之后，洪淳七靠着一杆步枪，独自一人守卫独岛三年零八个月之久。在他的日记里，记载着无数次和日本舰艇、渔船对峙的记录。后来，韩国政府彻底从战争中脱身出来，派出海上警察完备对上岛，洪淳七才结束了神圣的“守护国土大业”。但韩国政府没有惩罚他的“无组织、无纪律行为”，反而颁发勋章，表扬他的爱国行为。目前，韩国军队已牢牢控制了这个小岛。韩国在独岛常年派驻３４名警察，同时配置了驱逐舰，快艇、直升机，随时戒备日本渔船和海军舰艇的侵犯，令日本船只不敢轻易越过雷池一步。日本人除了口头抗议，别无他法。每个人都知道韩国的崛起和繁荣离不开日本，韩国和日本还同属美日韩军事政治同盟。可是韩国人从不掩饰对日本的仇恨，在对日关系上从来不会因为顾全大局而做任何让步。他们对死不认错的日本人的愤怒，从来是点火就着，怎么激烈怎么来。日本那边在历史问题上稍稍做一点手脚，韩国这边立刻就烈火燎原，吼声振天。小泉参拜靖国神社后，２０名身披国旗的韩国青年聚集在汉城的“独立门公园”，大声抗议后用刀把自己的小指头剁下，装在信封里寄往日本驻韩国大使馆。九名韩国人集体绝食，要求日本人道歉。韩国政府立刻采取最为强硬的外交行动，召回了驻日大使。与此同时，无数韩国人上街烧毁日本国旗，开展抵拷制日货行动。１９９２年，韩国外长明确要求日本政府向战争受害者及其家庭进行赔偿，韩国政府并为此成立了解决该问题的专门班子。按照许多中国人的思维方式，这些举动都属于小不忍则乱大谋，都是属于给两国关系制造麻烦，都是不理智、不沉着、不智慧，势必影响两国政治关系的大局，势必损坏日韩经济贸易关系，到头来害了自己。奇怪的是，韩国人的刚烈居然没有影响韩日关系的“大局”，日本人频频向韩国人示好，日韩经贸关系飞速发展。早在１９９５年，两国的双边贸易额已达４８５亿美元。两国还一起举办了世界杯。更为奇怪的是，死不道歉的日本人居然单单向韩国人道了歉！１９９２年，日本首相宫泽喜一在出访汉城的３天里，先后８次表示谢罪。１９９８年，韩国总统金大中对日本进行了为期４天的访问。访问期间日韩发表了联合宣言，日本首次承认了对韩国的侵略，并正式道歉。然而到现在为止，日本还没有正式向韩国以外别的国家就历史上的侵略行径正式道过歉。本文摘自《读者》２００５年第２期
张宏杰
类似中日之间钓鱼岛这样的争端，在韩日之间也在不断上演。
韩日之间有一个小岛，长不过２００米，全是礁石，不生草木。韩国人称之为独岛，日本人命名为竹岛。这个小岛在韩日关系中的地位，恰如中日之间的钓鱼岛。二战前，日本占有该岛。独立之后的的韩国宣布对该岛拥有主权。１９５３年５月，日本右翼人士趁韩国正为朝鲜战争所困之时，登上了这无人的小岛，修建起了标志物。
而韩国人是怎么做的呢？
在日本人登上独岛之后，一个２３岁的韩国青年洪淳七趁战争期间枪支管理不严，通过非法手段采购了一批枪支，召集了几个热血青年，渡海登上了独岛，赶走了日本人，在岛上升起了第一面韩国国旗。在那之后，洪淳七靠着一杆步枪，独自一人守卫独岛三年零八个月之久。在他的日记里，记载着无数次和日本舰艇、渔船对峙的记录。后来，韩国政府彻底从战争中脱身出来，派出海上警察完备对上岛，洪淳七才结束了神圣的“守护国土大业”。但韩国政府没有惩罚他的“无组织、无纪律行为”，反而颁发勋章，表扬他的爱国行为。目前，韩国军队已牢牢控制了这个小岛。韩国在独岛常年派驻３４名警察，同时配置了驱逐舰，快艇、直升机，随时戒备日本渔船和海军舰艇的侵犯，令日本船只不敢轻易越过雷池一步。日本人除了口头抗议，别无他法。每个人都知道韩国的崛起和繁荣离不开日本，韩国和日本还同属美日韩军事政治同盟。可是韩国人从不掩饰对日本的仇恨，在对日关系上从来不会因为顾全大局而做任何让步。他们对死不认错的日本人的愤怒，从来是点火就着，怎么激烈怎么来。日本那边在历史问题上稍稍做一点手脚，韩国这边立刻就烈火燎原，吼声振天。小泉参拜靖国神社后，２０名身披国旗的韩国青年聚集在汉城的“独立门公园”，大声抗议后用刀把自己的小指头剁下，装在信封里寄往日本驻韩国大使馆。九名韩国人集体绝食，要求日本人道歉。韩国政府立刻采取最为强硬的外交行动，召回了驻日大使。与此同时，无数韩国人上街烧毁日本国旗，开展抵拷制日货行动。１９９２年，韩国外长明确要求日本政府向战争受害者及其家庭进行赔偿，韩国政府并为此成立了解决该问题的专门班子。按照许多中国人的思维方式，这些举动都属于小不忍则乱大谋，都是属于给两国关系制造麻烦，都是不理智、不沉着、不智慧，势必影响两国政治关系的大局，势必损坏日韩经济贸易关系，到头来害了自己。奇怪的是，韩国人的刚烈居然没有影响韩日关系的“大局”，日本人频频向韩国人示好，日韩经贸关系飞速发展。早在１９９５年，两国的双边贸易额已达４８５亿美元。两国还一起举办了世界杯。更为奇怪的是，死不道歉的日本人居然单单向韩国人道了歉！１９９２年，日本首相宫泽喜一在出访汉城的３天里，先后８次表示谢罪。１９９８年，韩国总统金大中对日本进行了为期４天的访问。访问期间日韩发表了联合宣言，日本首次承认了对韩国的侵略，并正式道歉。然而到现在为止，日本还没有正式向韩国以外别的国家就历史上的侵略行径正式道过歉。本文摘自《读者》２００５年第２期
只会讲真话的黄万里
赵诚
有的人不讲真话，是因被周围人的狂热所迷惑；有的人不讲真话，是知道真相却不敢说。黄万里的了不起，是他既能在众人皆醉之时保持清醒，而且不惜为这真话付出大半生的代价。
几年前，人们不知道黄万里是谁。即便现在，大多数中国人对这个名字也陌生得很。但是，人们都知道黄河，也大都知道黄河上有一座三门峡水库——那是一项巨大的失败工程。黄万里就因此出名。
曾有人评价，中国现代真正的科学家不多，黄万里是其中之一。这里的所谓“真正”，包含有这些科学家的悲剧色彩，而黄万里的悲剧在于，他的价值是通过一个工程的失败来证明的。实际上，黄万里的伟大之处，不在于他预见到三门峡工程的失败，而是在面对三门峡水利工程，中国水利专家集体丧失立场的背景下，他孤身对抗“民意”、触犯上级，捍卫了真理和自己的良心。黄万里，著名爱国民主人士、教育家黄炎培之子，清华大学教授，中国著名的水利、水文学专家，我国致力于跨学科研究河流水文与水流泥沙的先驱者之一。作为新中国最有影响的水力专家，修建三门峡工程，他当然义不容辞。但当时人们都听苏联专家的。从１９５２年开始，中国从苏联聘请专家为治理黄河拟定计划，遗憾的是所请的专家为水工专家，他们精通水坝业务，但未必了解黄河。黄万里曾说，苏联虽有建水电站的经验，但黄河跟苏联的河流不一样，黄河有泥沙——正是黄河的泥沙日后成为灾难的根源。１９５４年１０月，在苏联专家的指导下，以水利部和燃料工业部为主成立的黄河规划委员会完成了《黄河综合利用规划》。那是一个看上去非常美妙的远景：在黄河干流上将修筑起４６座河坝，“５００吨的拖船能由入海口航行到兰州。装机总容量可达２３００万千瓦，年平均发电量达１１００亿度，相当于中国１９５４年全部发电量的１０倍，灌溉面积由原来的１６５９万亩扩大到１。１６亿亩。”在这４６座河坝中，三门峡的这座最大和最重要。正是这项工程的修建，导致在以后的４０多年里几十万人口离开他们原本富裕的家园，迁移到土地贫瘠的偏远地区，其中一些人来回迁移十几次，生活变得一贫如洗。据记载，曾有水利专家前往视察后叹息不已，国务院派去的高级官员看了也落泪，说“国家对不起你们”。在当时，几乎没有人公开反对上三门峡工程。充满壮志豪情的领导人们一心一意要在自己手里实现“圣人出，黄河清”的梦想。在这种一边倒的极端气氛下，负有责任的专家大员们不敢面对现实，直抒己见，个别的甚至曲意逢迎，企求腾达。敢于讲真话，道实情，坚持科学见解的人非常之少，黄万里的反对之声就显得格外刺耳。在１９５５年关于黄河规划的第一次讨论会上，许多专家都对苏联专家提出的规划交口称赞，惟有黄万里发言反对。他当场指出：“你们说‘圣人出，黄河清’，我说黄河不能清。黄河清，不是功，而是罪。”１９５７年６月１０日，三门峡水利枢纽讨论会在京召开，此时三门峡水利工程工地已在筹建中。在讨论会上，三门峡工程的“主上派”与只有黄万里一人的“反上派”展开激烈争论。“主上派”们描绘的是建高坝，拦洪蓄沙，让清水出库的美妙图景，而黄万里说，在这个淤积段上是不能建坝的。否则黄河下游的水患将移至中游关中平原，而且他认为，河道里的泥沙起上游切割、下游造陆的自然作用，建坝拦沙让黄河清是违反自然规律的，是不现实的，何况清水出库对下游河床也不利。他指出此坝修后将淤没田地，造成城市灾害。当时出席会议的专家大多同意苏联专家的设计，黄万里孤身舌战。争辩七天后见无效，黄万里退而提出：若一定要修此坝，建议勿堵塞六个排水洞，以便将来可以设闸排沙。这个观点被全体同意通过。但施工时，苏联专家坚持按原设计把六个底孔都堵死了。上世纪７０年代，这些底孔又以每个１０００万元的代价打开。黄万里关于三门峡水利工程的分析和预见，从工程建成之日起便被一一验证了。三门峡水库１９６０年９月建成，从第二年起潼关以上黄河渭河大淤成灾。两岸受灾农田８０万亩，一个县城被迫迁走，西安受到严重威胁。到了５０年后的今天，黄河流域的水土保持日益恶化，下游河水已所剩无几。从１９７２年黄河开始断流，２０世纪９０年代已每年断流平均１００多天。旅居德国的水利工程师王维洛曾在其《前事不忘，后事之师——纪念黄河三门峡工程建成四十周年》中算了一笔账，三门峡工程总结算时耗资达４０亿元，相当于４０座武汉长江大桥的造价，而之后改建费用和因之受灾的地区所遭受的经济损失更是一个谁都无法估量的数字。与苏联专家的设计意见相左本来是一个技术问题，但在当时的形势下就被视为重大的政治问题。加之，在“百花齐放、百家争鸣”政策的感召下，黄万里又在清华大学校刊上发表了小说《花丛小语》。在这篇３０００多字的小说里，黄万里通过包括三门峡水库设计方案的确定等一些事件，指出人民对政府工作的监督及政府决策民主化的必要性。毛泽东在看过《花丛小语》后，一次，遇见黄万里的父亲黄炎培，很不高兴地对他说“你们家里也分左、中、右啊。《花丛小语》里把实行百花齐放政策和国内形势描绘成春寒料峭，雨声凄切，静悄悄，微言绝。这是什么话？”之后，《人民日报》以“什么话”为标题展开了对黄万里的批判。黄万里的右派命运注定。１９５８年黄万里被正式定为右派，工资从二级教授降至四级教授，从此开始了人生道路上的一个大转折。但即便如此，黄万里也没有为自己的言行后悔。三门峡工程败象已露时，国家领导人曾通过黄炎培示意给黄万里，如果他写个检讨，就可能把他右派的帽子摘掉。黄万里不但没有检讨，还给领导写信质问，“国家养仕多年，这是为什么？”有人说，如果他肯钻营，黄万里的一生可能完全是另一个样子。黄万里１９３５年获得美国康乃尔大学水文科学硕士，１９３７年，获美国伊利诺依大学工程博士（该校第七名、中国人中第一名该学位获得者），并在田纳西工程实习。２６岁学成回国后，他历任国民政府全国经委水利技正、水利工程师、涪江航道工程处长、水利部视察工程师，甘肃省水利局长兼总工程师；可以说无论在学历上还是在经验上，国内很少有人能达到黄万里的水平。即便在进入高校教书之后，他也表现出了非常杰出的科研能力。在１９５３年到１９５７年的近四年时间里，他完成了学术专著《洪流估算》、《工程水文学》，这两部专著被认为是２０世纪５０年代水文科学十分重要的代表著作。黄万里于２００１年８月２７日去世。他的子女评价他，“他只说真话，不说假话；只会说真话，不会说假话。对于学术观点是如此，对于政治观点也是如此；对于有利于自己的事如此，对于不利于自己的事也如此。”
本文摘自《读者》2005年第1期
赵诚
有的人不讲真话，是因被周围人的狂热所迷惑；有的人不讲真话，是知道真相却不敢说。黄万里的了不起，是他既能在众人皆醉之时保持清醒，而且不惜为这真话付出大半生的代价。
几年前，人们不知道黄万里是谁。即便现在，大多数中国人对这个名字也陌生得很。但是，人们都知道黄河，也大都知道黄河上有一座三门峡水库——那是一项巨大的失败工程。黄万里就因此出名。
曾有人评价，中国现代真正的科学家不多，黄万里是其中之一。这里的所谓“真正”，包含有这些科学家的悲剧色彩，而黄万里的悲剧在于，他的价值是通过一个工程的失败来证明的。实际上，黄万里的伟大之处，不在于他预见到三门峡工程的失败，而是在面对三门峡水利工程，中国水利专家集体丧失立场的背景下，他孤身对抗“民意”、触犯上级，捍卫了真理和自己的良心。黄万里，著名爱国民主人士、教育家黄炎培之子，清华大学教授，中国著名的水利、水文学专家，我国致力于跨学科研究河流水文与水流泥沙的先驱者之一。作为新中国最有影响的水力专家，修建三门峡工程，他当然义不容辞。但当时人们都听苏联专家的。从１９５２年开始，中国从苏联聘请专家为治理黄河拟定计划，遗憾的是所请的专家为水工专家，他们精通水坝业务，但未必了解黄河。黄万里曾说，苏联虽有建水电站的经验，但黄河跟苏联的河流不一样，黄河有泥沙——正是黄河的泥沙日后成为灾难的根源。１９５４年１０月，在苏联专家的指导下，以水利部和燃料工业部为主成立的黄河规划委员会完成了《黄河综合利用规划》。那是一个看上去非常美妙的远景：在黄河干流上将修筑起４６座河坝，“５００吨的拖船能由入海口航行到兰州。装机总容量可达２３００万千瓦，年平均发电量达１１００亿度，相当于中国１９５４年全部发电量的１０倍，灌溉面积由原来的１６５９万亩扩大到１。１６亿亩。”在这４６座河坝中，三门峡的这座最大和最重要。正是这项工程的修建，导致在以后的４０多年里几十万人口离开他们原本富裕的家园，迁移到土地贫瘠的偏远地区，其中一些人来回迁移十几次，生活变得一贫如洗。据记载，曾有水利专家前往视察后叹息不已，国务院派去的高级官员看了也落泪，说“国家对不起你们”。在当时，几乎没有人公开反对上三门峡工程。充满壮志豪情的领导人们一心一意要在自己手里实现“圣人出，黄河清”的梦想。在这种一边倒的极端气氛下，负有责任的专家大员们不敢面对现实，直抒己见，个别的甚至曲意逢迎，企求腾达。敢于讲真话，道实情，坚持科学见解的人非常之少，黄万里的反对之声就显得格外刺耳。在１９５５年关于黄河规划的第一次讨论会上，许多专家都对苏联专家提出的规划交口称赞，惟有黄万里发言反对。他当场指出：“你们说‘圣人出，黄河清’，我说黄河不能清。黄河清，不是功，而是罪。”１９５７年６月１０日，三门峡水利枢纽讨论会在京召开，此时三门峡水利工程工地已在筹建中。在讨论会上，三门峡工程的“主上派”与只有黄万里一人的“反上派”展开激烈争论。“主上派”们描绘的是建高坝，拦洪蓄沙，让清水出库的美妙图景，而黄万里说，在这个淤积段上是不能建坝的。否则黄河下游的水患将移至中游关中平原，而且他认为，河道里的泥沙起上游切割、下游造陆的自然作用，建坝拦沙让黄河清是违反自然规律的，是不现实的，何况清水出库对下游河床也不利。他指出此坝修后将淤没田地，造成城市灾害。当时出席会议的专家大多同意苏联专家的设计，黄万里孤身舌战。争辩七天后见无效，黄万里退而提出：若一定要修此坝，建议勿堵塞六个排水洞，以便将来可以设闸排沙。这个观点被全体同意通过。但施工时，苏联专家坚持按原设计把六个底孔都堵死了。上世纪７０年代，这些底孔又以每个１０００万元的代价打开。黄万里关于三门峡水利工程的分析和预见，从工程建成之日起便被一一验证了。三门峡水库１９６０年９月建成，从第二年起潼关以上黄河渭河大淤成灾。两岸受灾农田８０万亩，一个县城被迫迁走，西安受到严重威胁。到了５０年后的今天，黄河流域的水土保持日益恶化，下游河水已所剩无几。从１９７２年黄河开始断流，２０世纪９０年代已每年断流平均１００多天。旅居德国的水利工程师王维洛曾在其《前事不忘，后事之师——纪念黄河三门峡工程建成四十周年》中算了一笔账，三门峡工程总结算时耗资达４０亿元，相当于４０座武汉长江大桥的造价，而之后改建费用和因之受灾的地区所遭受的经济损失更是一个谁都无法估量的数字。与苏联专家的设计意见相左本来是一个技术问题，但在当时的形势下就被视为重大的政治问题。加之，在“百花齐放、百家争鸣”政策的感召下，黄万里又在清华大学校刊上发表了小说《花丛小语》。在这篇３０００多字的小说里，黄万里通过包括三门峡水库设计方案的确定等一些事件，指出人民对政府工作的监督及政府决策民主化的必要性。毛泽东在看过《花丛小语》后，一次，遇见黄万里的父亲黄炎培，很不高兴地对他说“你们家里也分左、中、右啊。《花丛小语》里把实行百花齐放政策和国内形势描绘成春寒料峭，雨声凄切，静悄悄，微言绝。这是什么话？”之后，《人民日报》以“什么话”为标题展开了对黄万里的批判。黄万里的右派命运注定。１９５８年黄万里被正式定为右派，工资从二级教授降至四级教授，从此开始了人生道路上的一个大转折。但即便如此，黄万里也没有为自己的言行后悔。三门峡工程败象已露时，国家领导人曾通过黄炎培示意给黄万里，如果他写个检讨，就可能把他右派的帽子摘掉。黄万里不但没有检讨，还给领导写信质问，“国家养仕多年，这是为什么？”有人说，如果他肯钻营，黄万里的一生可能完全是另一个样子。黄万里１９３５年获得美国康乃尔大学水文科学硕士，１９３７年，获美国伊利诺依大学工程博士（该校第七名、中国人中第一名该学位获得者），并在田纳西工程实习。２６岁学成回国后，他历任国民政府全国经委水利技正、水利工程师、涪江航道工程处长、水利部视察工程师，甘肃省水利局长兼总工程师；可以说无论在学历上还是在经验上，国内很少有人能达到黄万里的水平。即便在进入高校教书之后，他也表现出了非常杰出的科研能力。在１９５３年到１９５７年的近四年时间里，他完成了学术专著《洪流估算》、《工程水文学》，这两部专著被认为是２０世纪５０年代水文科学十分重要的代表著作。黄万里于２００１年８月２７日去世。他的子女评价他，“他只说真话，不说假话；只会说真话，不会说假话。对于学术观点是如此，对于政治观点也是如此；对于有利于自己的事如此，对于不利于自己的事也如此。”
本文摘自《读者》2005年第1期
Thursday, August 31, 2006
Monday, August 28, 2006
Wavefront Sensor Overview
Wavefront Sensor Overview: "You are in: Telescope > Wavefront Sensor (WFS) Overview
Wavefront Sensor Overview
All observations with the Gemini telescopes require the use of wavefront sensors (WFSs) assigned to one or more stars to provide image motion compensation (fast guiding) and/or higher order correction. This is achieved by articulation of the secondary mirror, manipulation of the primary mirror figure (active optics, aO) and/or adaptive optics (AO). See an evaluation of the Galactic stellar surface density for expected WFS star availability.
Peripheral Wavefront Sensors (PWFS)
Two peripheral wavefront sensors are part of the Acquisition and Guidance (A&G) system located within the instrument support structure (ISS) cube. PWFS1 consists of a 6x6 lenslet array feeding 2D array detector and PWFS2 has a 2x2 lenslet array feeding its array detector. A selection of filters covering the optical and near-infrared (e.g., V,R,I) is available for each array. Mounted on rotary stages, and as their name implies, the PWFSs patrol an annulus of sky around the science field. The PWFSs are upstream of the science instruments and, whilst they may be moved into the centre of the field for engineering purposes, will vignette the science field unless positioned at sufficient distance. The minimum distance to avoid vignetting depends on the science field of the instrument.
The minimum angular distance (i.e. inner patrol radius) of the PWFS1 and PWFS2 stars from the field center differs for various instruments and their configurations. For example, the PWFS2 guide star must be at least the following distance off-axis to avoid vignetting the science field: NIRI imaging f/32 camera - ~4.2 arcmin; f/14 camera - ~4.6 arcmin; f/6 camera - ~5.0 arcmin; NIRI spectroscopy - depends on sli"
Wavefront Sensor Overview
All observations with the Gemini telescopes require the use of wavefront sensors (WFSs) assigned to one or more stars to provide image motion compensation (fast guiding) and/or higher order correction. This is achieved by articulation of the secondary mirror, manipulation of the primary mirror figure (active optics, aO) and/or adaptive optics (AO). See an evaluation of the Galactic stellar surface density for expected WFS star availability.
Peripheral Wavefront Sensors (PWFS)
Two peripheral wavefront sensors are part of the Acquisition and Guidance (A&G) system located within the instrument support structure (ISS) cube. PWFS1 consists of a 6x6 lenslet array feeding 2D array detector and PWFS2 has a 2x2 lenslet array feeding its array detector. A selection of filters covering the optical and near-infrared (e.g., V,R,I) is available for each array. Mounted on rotary stages, and as their name implies, the PWFSs patrol an annulus of sky around the science field. The PWFSs are upstream of the science instruments and, whilst they may be moved into the centre of the field for engineering purposes, will vignette the science field unless positioned at sufficient distance. The minimum distance to avoid vignetting depends on the science field of the instrument.
The minimum angular distance (i.e. inner patrol radius) of the PWFS1 and PWFS2 stars from the field center differs for various instruments and their configurations. For example, the PWFS2 guide star must be at least the following distance off-axis to avoid vignetting the science field: NIRI imaging f/32 camera - ~4.2 arcmin; f/14 camera - ~4.6 arcmin; f/6 camera - ~5.0 arcmin; NIRI spectroscopy - depends on sli"
OCT
Low coherence interferometry (LCI), low coherence reflectometry, optical coherence tomography (OCT) or partial coherence reflectometry all refer to the same basic set-up, an interferometer under low coherence illumination. A variety of LCI systems have been researched and applied to different fields, in measuring electric or magnetic field, pressure, acceleration, flows, etc. One of the most exciting application of LCI is OCT for imaging tissue. This has revolutionised the imaging technology of superficial tissue, images from retina with less than 5 microns have been recently reported.
Low-Coherence Interferometry is a powerful tool to "section" a transparent object. The technique is currently evolving quickly with applications in medicine in general and ophthalmology in particular. The OCT technology is non-invasive and provides high depth resolution, therefore the technology was applied to different types of tissue, skin, hair, burns, etc. Visualisation of cells, microorganisms, hair, brain and the interior of arteries have been reported with depth and transversal resolution of 5-15 microns. OCT has also been used to image integrated circuits, characterise fibre Bragg gratings and optical waveguides and in surface analysis. In combination with confocal microscopy, OCT can in principle offer 1 micron resolution along all three axes. The OCT field requires an interdisciplinary approach.
The AOG in Kent is at the forefront of OCT system development. The group has pioneered the en-face OCT technology, the first dual channel confocal-OCT instrument for the eye, multi-interferometer configuration to collect simultaneously images from different depths and produced 3D OCT visualisation in real time.
Low-Coherence Interferometry is a powerful tool to "section" a transparent object. The technique is currently evolving quickly with applications in medicine in general and ophthalmology in particular. The OCT technology is non-invasive and provides high depth resolution, therefore the technology was applied to different types of tissue, skin, hair, burns, etc. Visualisation of cells, microorganisms, hair, brain and the interior of arteries have been reported with depth and transversal resolution of 5-15 microns. OCT has also been used to image integrated circuits, characterise fibre Bragg gratings and optical waveguides and in surface analysis. In combination with confocal microscopy, OCT can in principle offer 1 micron resolution along all three axes. The OCT field requires an interdisciplinary approach.
The AOG in Kent is at the forefront of OCT system development. The group has pioneered the en-face OCT technology, the first dual channel confocal-OCT instrument for the eye, multi-interferometer configuration to collect simultaneously images from different depths and produced 3D OCT visualisation in real time.
Wavefront - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wavefront - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: "Wavefront
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the notion of wave front in functional analysis, see wave front set.
In optics, a wavefront is the locus (a line or surface in an electromagnetic wave) of points having the same phase. Since optical frequencies are so high, the temporal component of optical waves is ignored, and it is only the phase of the spatial oscillation that is described. Additionally, most optical systems and detectors are indifferent to polarization, so this property of the wave is also usually ignored.
Contents [hide]
1 Simple wavefronts and propagation
2 Wavefront aberrations
3 Wavefront sensor
4 See also
5 External links
[edit]Simple wavefronts and propagation
Strictly speaking, all optical systems can be described with Maxwell's Equations. However, given the above simplifications, Huygens' principle provides a quick method to predict the propagation of a wavefront through, for example, free space. The construction is as follows: Let every point on the wavefront be considered a new point source. By calculating the total effect from every point source, the resulting field at new points can be computed. Sophisticated computational algorithms are often based on this approach. Specific cases for simple wavefronts can be computed directly. For example, a spherical wavefront will remain spherical as the energy of the wave is carried away equally in all directions. Such directions of energy flow, which are always perpendicular to the wavefront, are called rays.
The simplest form of a wavefront is the plane wave, which when propagating can be seen to give rise to new plane wavefronts, as the corresponding rays are parallel to each other. Technically, this is referred to as a coll"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the notion of wave front in functional analysis, see wave front set.
In optics, a wavefront is the locus (a line or surface in an electromagnetic wave) of points having the same phase. Since optical frequencies are so high, the temporal component of optical waves is ignored, and it is only the phase of the spatial oscillation that is described. Additionally, most optical systems and detectors are indifferent to polarization, so this property of the wave is also usually ignored.
Contents [hide]
1 Simple wavefronts and propagation
2 Wavefront aberrations
3 Wavefront sensor
4 See also
5 External links
[edit]Simple wavefronts and propagation
Strictly speaking, all optical systems can be described with Maxwell's Equations. However, given the above simplifications, Huygens' principle provides a quick method to predict the propagation of a wavefront through, for example, free space. The construction is as follows: Let every point on the wavefront be considered a new point source. By calculating the total effect from every point source, the resulting field at new points can be computed. Sophisticated computational algorithms are often based on this approach. Specific cases for simple wavefronts can be computed directly. For example, a spherical wavefront will remain spherical as the energy of the wave is carried away equally in all directions. Such directions of energy flow, which are always perpendicular to the wavefront, are called rays.
The simplest form of a wavefront is the plane wave, which when propagating can be seen to give rise to new plane wavefronts, as the corresponding rays are parallel to each other. Technically, this is referred to as a coll"
Friday, August 25, 2006
Wednesday, August 23, 2006
Tuesday, August 22, 2006
Monday, August 21, 2006
Google Mail - 从日本“靖国幽魂”驱之不散，看中日经贸前景
Google Mail - 从日本“靖国幽魂”驱之不散，看中日经贸前景
从日本“靖国幽魂”驱之不散，看中日经贸前景蔡成杉最近日本政府在钓鱼台，参拜靖国神社及篡改教科书等课题上，针对中国频频出招，咄咄迫人，大日本沙文主义者公然挑衅中国人民，‘靖国幽魂’卷土重耒，阴影不散，中国政府举步艰辛，难以招架，引起海内外华人反日情绪高涨。两国剑拔弩张，中日关系处于两国建交以来最恶劣时刻，实令人担忧！美国人类学家海德路加（ＡｌｅｓＨｒｄｌｉｃｋａ）最早指出铲形门齿是蒙古人种的特征，其他人种少有。据人类学家卡包奈尔（Ｃａｒｂｏｎｅｌｌ）在１９６３年统计中国人和日本人显著具有内侧铲形门齿者占９２. ７% ，上外侧铲形者占９１. ３% ；其他人种俱有此特征高者不超过５% ，或者完全设有。由此可见大和民族和中华民族是一对孪生的民族，既人同种且文相似，然而大和民族自古尚武好斗，在他们心目中侵略外国和杀戮敌人是高尚的，全无羞耻，战胜是光荣的，只有战败才是耻辱！所以在他们内心深处，永远瞧不起中国人，只敬佩畏惧美国人！１８６８年，日本经过‘明治维新’后，走上富国强兵之道。从此，中高（高丽）两国便陷入困境，连年干戈扰攘，兵连祸结。中高人民永无安宁！１８９４年，清朝为了保护高丽，引起日本对中国发动战争，清北洋舰队不堪日本联合舰队一击，中国战败，史称‘甲午战争’。１８９５年，清李鸿章被迫签下《马关条约》，中国失去台湾。１９１０年，日本占领高丽；１９３１年，日本侵占中国东北三省，日本人称它为‘满洲里’；１９３７年，日本发动对华战争，从此，日本便走上穷兵黩武之道，日本军人惨杀中国人民无数，穷凶极恶！现在战争过去了，为什么日本‘靖国幽魂’还是如此纠缠不清，阴影常在，驱之不散？我们应从以下历史、政治和经济三处着手，分析资料，寻找真象；心理上日本人不认为是战败国第二次世界大战，德国百万大军在欧洲东部，被苏军歼灭，大部分好战的德军葬身苏军的火海；斯大林对投降的德军罪犯，都加以严惩，从未放过，尤其对那些任意惨杀苏联人民的德军，更加处于酷刑。对待犯罪者理应如此。１９４４年，以英美为主的盟军在法国诺曼底海滩登陆时，德军己被苏军打得疲乏不堪，残兵败将又遭到盟军歼灭，死１１万德军。大部分德国的好战主义分子都遭到灭顶，同时战争也使德国人民身受其害。所以德国人民会承认该国曾犯上滔天大罪，其领袖当然会对受害国人民道歉！德国前总理勃兰特会在华沙犹太人殉难者纪念碑前，为德国纳粹所犯下的罪行下跪；前德国总理施罗德频频向俄国人民道歉，表示德国对第二次世界大战及大屠杀的罪疚感。这象征着整个德国民族为第二次世界大战的罪行忏悔！反观日本，它与德国状况不同，日本人在心埋上从不承认战败。第二次世界大战，日军只在太平洋战役中被美军击败，但在中国及东南亚战场上伤亡不多，没有被击败的现象，大部分好战军人没有战死沙场。１９４５年，美国为了避免遭受更大的伤亡，向日本投下二颗原子弹。迫于无奈，日本天皇宣布投降，有些日本好战分子虽屈从天皇指示，却不愿投降，只好切腹殉国！日本军人从不承认在战场上被中韩两国击败，所以一个战胜国的好斗人民怎会心甘情愿向战败国的人民道歉？再加上善良的中国人民没有向那些残暴的日军报复，当时无能的中国政府也没有将那些穷凶极恶的日军绳之以法，让投降的日军平安回国。实令人费解！回国后，大部分的日本战犯也没有遭到美驻日远东总司令麦克阿瑟将军的惩罚，所以他们不但没有悔改，反而将他们的好战思想传给后代。当今日本领导人大多数是前好战分子的后代！今天的日本自然比德国存有更多的好战主义分子，所以他们当然要篡改日本教科书，以美化他们英勇的祖先。篡改教科书不但会伤害到亚洲人民的感情，同时也会给日本后代带来
以穷兵黩武，这对将耒的世界和平非常不利！再加上日本占领台湾，高丽及满洲里时间太久，大日本沙文主义者在感情上都认为这些地方属于他们的。所以他们要誓死保卫钩鱼台和独岛！布什把日本当成亚洲的‘英国’２０００年，当布什竞选美国总统时，他指责克林顿对中政策软弱，把中美关系定为‘致力于发展建设性战略伙伴关系’不切实际，所以当他上任后，立刻采取亲日抗中政策。２００１年，中美发生撞机事件，美国采取强硬态度，初不认错，后经中方严正交涉，美国才有‘非常抱歉’的申明。不久，布什宣声如果中国武力犯台，美国将‘采取一切措施’耒保卫台湾，同时其国防部长竞敢声称己经制订出一套防卫台湾的‘应急计划’。中美关系顿时陷入冰点。２００１年的九一一恐怖事件使布什陷入恐慌，因此，美国对中政策才大拐弯。同年１０月，布什特地到上海出席ＡＰＥＣ会议，与中国领导人见面，不敢再提中国是‘战略竞争对手’的说法。过后，美忙于攻击恐怖分子的基地，阿富汗；接着又出兵侵入伊拉克。这个时期，美国善待中国，中美进入‘亲密’时期，中日关系自然良好！由于美国不乐见中国崛起。加上当布什再任总统时，东西线上无战火，美国对中政策开始又转硬。中日关系自然逆转！最近美国务卿赖斯访亚洲时，她与日本首相小泉同时呼吁欧盟不要对华解除武器禁运；与此同时，美日首次宣布在美日安保条约下把中国视为最敏感和最重要的台湾问题列入‘共同战略目标’，令中国极为反感；根据美日安保条约，如有战争，美国可以自由利用日本的军事基地。如果美国为了台湾与中国冲突，日本必须支援美国对中开战，面对美日联盟，中国无法取胜！美国在欧洲培养一个亲密的盟友，英国，对付不听话的盟国和敌对国；同样的，在亚洲它也要培养一个像英国那样的盟友，那个就是日本。日本最近咄咄迫人的气焰是布什点燃的，既对中国不利，且会侵害到韩国的利益，所以最近日韩关系也紧绷。美国既然支持日本，韩国反而要支持中国。韩国卢武铉宣称如果台海发生战事，韩国不会让美军利用韩国的军事基地，对付中国。中韩两国关系转好是历史因素使然；在历史上，当中韩能够和好、强盛，日本就无计可施！所以我们认为只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不会坏到不可收拾的地步。老化的日本经济带来恐惧最近的中国经济崛起给日本人带来精神上无限的压力。原是世界第二大的经济强国，面对中国的经济崛起，日本逐渐失去经济竞争力，日本人怎不忐忑不安，惊慌失措。这种恐慌使日本人失去安全感，同时对自己的前途，也失去信心！（Ａ）首先我们谈谈中国的市场。中国是当今仅次美国世界第二大消费国，整个国家的购买力可以影响世界的政治和经济；时空转变，易地而处，日本的影响力己逐渐减少，昔日风光不再！２００４年，中国首次超过日本仅次于美德两国是世界第三贸易大国；中国对欧盟的贸易约１７７０亿美元，对美国的贸易约１７００亿美元，对日本的贸易约１６８０亿美元；日本是中国的第三大贸易国，而中国则是日本第一大贸易国。２００４年，日本对中国的出口总额约７３８亿美元，而中国对日本的出口总额约９４２亿美元。中国出口到日本的货物是低技术的廉价日用品，日本难找到代替品；而日本输到中国的是高技术的商品，中国易找到代替品，现在欧盟和韩国己相争代替日本销售高技术商品给中国。所以中国不惧日本的经济抵制，这就是为什么我们说日本人口硬心虚！中国改革开放初期，日本汔车业因不肯转移技术而失去中国市场，让欧洲汽车业独霸中国汔车市场，现在要迎头赶上，为时己晚！谁有大市场，谁说话就大声，今天谁敢得罪美国？道理就这么简单！",1]
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无穷的祸害；把侵略亚洲美化成解放亚洲，令日本后代以为以后还可以穷兵黩武，这对将耒的世界和平非常不利！再加上日本占领台湾，高丽及满洲里时间太久，大日本沙文主义者在感情上都认为这些地方属于他们的。所以他们要誓死保卫钩鱼台和独岛！布什把日本当成亚洲的‘英国’２０００年，当布什竞选美国总统时，他指责克林顿对中政策软弱，把中美关系定为‘致力于发展建设性战略伙伴关系’不切实际，所以当他上任后，立刻采取亲日抗中政策。２００１年，中美发生撞机事件，美国采取强硬态度，初不认错，后经中方严正交涉，美国才有‘非常抱歉’的申明。不久，布什宣声如果中国武力犯台，美国将‘采取一切措施’耒保卫台湾，同时其国防部长竞敢声称己经制订出一套防卫台湾的‘应急计划’。中美关系顿时陷入冰点。２００１年的九一一恐怖事件使布什陷入恐慌，因此，美国对中政策才大拐弯。同年１０月，布什特地到上海出席ＡＰＥＣ会议，与中国领导人见面，不敢再提中国是‘战略竞争对手’的说法。过后，美忙于攻击恐怖分子的基地，阿富汗；接着又出兵侵入伊拉克。这个时期，美国善待中国，中美进入‘亲密’时期，中日关系自然良好！由于美国不乐见中国崛起。加上当布什再任总统时，东西线上无战火，美国对中政策开始又转硬。中日关系自然逆转！最近美国务卿赖斯访亚洲时，她与日本首相小泉同时呼吁欧盟不要对华解除武器禁运；与此同时，美日首次宣布在美日安保条约下把中国视为最敏感和最重要的台湾问题列入‘共同战略目标’，令中国极为反感；根据美日安保条约，如有战争，美国可以自由利用日本的军事基地。如果美国为了台湾与中国冲突，日本必须支援美国对中开战，面对美日联盟，中国无法取胜！美国在欧洲培养一个亲密的盟友，英国，对付不听话的盟国和敌对国；同样的，在亚洲它也要培养一个像英国那样的盟友，那个就是日本。日本最近咄咄迫人的气焰是布什点燃的，既对中国不利，且会侵害到韩国的利益，所以最近日韩关系也紧绷。美国既然支持日本，韩国反而要支持中国。韩国卢武铉宣称如果台海发生战事，韩国不会让美军利用韩国的军事基地，对付中国。中韩两国关系转好是历史因素使然；在历史上，当中韩能够和好、强盛，日本就无计可施！所以我们认为只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不会坏到不可收拾的地步。老化的日本经济带来恐惧最近的中国经济崛起给日本人带来精神上无限的压力。原是世界第二大的经济强国，面对中国的经济崛起，日本逐渐失去经济竞争力，日本人怎不忐忑不安，惊慌失措。这种恐慌使日本人失去安全感，同时对自己的前途，也失去信心！（Ａ）首先我们谈谈中国的市场。中国是当今仅次美国世界第二大消费国，整个国家的购买力可以影响世界的政治和经济；时空转变，易地而处，日本的影响力己逐渐减少，昔日风光不再！２００４年，中国首次超过日本仅次于美德两国是世界第三贸易大国；中国对欧盟的贸易约１７７０亿美元，对美国的贸易约１７００亿美元，对日本的贸易约１６８０亿美元；日本是中国的第三大贸易国，而中国则是日本第一大贸易国。２００４年，日本对中国的出口总额约７３８亿美元，而中国对日本的出口总额约９４２亿美元。中国出口到日本的货物是低技术的廉价日用品，日本难找到代替品；而日本输到中国的是高技术的商品，中国易找到代替品，现在欧盟和韩国己相争代替日本销售高技术商品给中国。所以中国不惧日本的经济抵制，这就是为什么我们说日本人口硬心虚！中国改革开放初期，日本汔车业因不肯转移技术而失去中国市场，让欧洲汽车业独霸中国汔车市场，现在要迎头赶上，为时己晚！谁有大市场，谁说话就大声，今天谁敢得罪美国？道理就这么简单！
（Ｂ）现在再谈日本面对另外一个大难题，中国商品的竞争力太强。庞大而低廉的人力资源使中国生产出世界最富有竞争力的廉价商品，也许有人会质疑其品质，但不要忘记以前的日本和台湾也是生产次等货。举一个例子，十多年前，有一间高级日本瓷器公司的领导层认为低廉的中国瓷器不会威胁到它高档的日本瓷器市场，因为日本人具有极高的品味，不会用中国瓷器。几年后，中国的瓷器品质改善，大受日本人欢迎，结果该公司倒闭。另一个例子，上世纪八十年代初，当时王安电脑是世界第八大电脑公司，它和ＤＥＣ等美国中型的电脑公司除了生产中型电脑，也生产个人电脑，它们的领导层都经视ＤＥＬＬ公司生产的低廉个人电脑，质疑其品质，没有把它当竞争对手。十多年后，多数的美国中型电脑公司，除了晋惠，都被ＤＥＬＬ击跨！拥有巨大的劳动力资源和广大的市场，中国己经变成越来越多日本公司的主要产品装配中心，其产品输到第三国家，如美国。比如索尼电脑娱乐公司将在日本生产的ＰＳ游戏机的生产移到中国去。富士施乐公司计划在２００６年底，将９０％的复印机生产移到中国，而复印机的销额占该公司总收入的６５％左右，可见该公司的生存多么依靠中国。日本制造的商品在中国生产比在美国生产可以节省至少２０％。所以日本公司纷纷到中国设厂。现在中国出产的廉价电器像洪水般在全球市场上泛滥！老化的日本经济非常依赖新兴的中国经济，蓬勃的中国经济活动是今天日本脆弱经济复苏的推动力！老化的经济能力令日本人惊慌，这种恐惧促使日本人采取偏激的手段对付中韩两国。今后的中日关系有专家认为，再过多十年，老化的日本人口会使日本的经济竞争能力更加恶化，让我门拭目以待；十三亿人口的中国具有无限商机，中国广大的市场会令日本人屈服。到时中国对日本的依赖性逐渐消失，而日本对中国的依赖性逐渐加强，‘靖国幽魂’自然会消失。所以我们不认为中日关系会长远纠缠不清。到时日本领导人才会为日本的侵略，真心诚意对中韩受害的人民道歉！布什尚有二年多的任期，中国领导人有足够的智慧不会与强悍的布什激烈对干。只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不致于太恶化。同时，日本人也没有足够的筹码，与中韩作长期对抗！日本首相小泉最近频频向欧洲人道歉，然而欧洲人民在第二世界大战间并没有遭到日军大量屠杀。为何要向他们道歉？从此可见，小泉口是心非！时间站在中方根据最新经贸数据，到去年十一月，中国欧盟贸易占中国总贸易１５. ３% ，中美贸易占１５% ，而中日贸易却下滑至只占１３%.到去年上半年，中日贸易占日本总贸易的１７% ，而中国是日本的第一大贸易国。由此可见，日本经济多么依赖中国的市场！时间一久，中日贸易对中方则越有利。蓬勃的中国经济活动使日本走出经济通缩，广大的中国市场使大型的日本挂牌公司复苏，再加上日本法治制度比中国完善，外资大量流入日本股市和房地产，所以投资者不难理解东京股市在过去一年半内涨幅高达５０% ，日经指数从万一点升到现在万六点！同时，日本领袖应该明白恶化的中日关系损害到日本经济利益尤深，中国不买日本子弹火车系统，就是中日关系恶化的后果！最近‘神六’太空船升空，成本低廉且俱有军事意义，该太空船还会准确稍微改变轨道，有了这种技术，中国的导弹可以改航，美日联手的导弹防卫系统保卫不了‘大’日本。最近日本右翼分子宣称中日难免一战，如果战争发生，中国海军会象清北洋舰队不堪一击，真是痴人说梦话，好战分子竞敢如此胡说八道！今年正月４日，处于窘境的日本首相小泉四面楚歌，心有千千结，在新年笫一次记者会上不得不‘含泪哭诉’中日关系恶化！我们却乐见最近日本有意与中国商谈共同开发东海油田",1]
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（Ｂ）现在再谈日本面对另外一个大难题，中国商品的竞争力太强。庞大而低廉的人力资源使中国生产出世界最富有竞争力的廉价商品，也许有人会质疑其品质，但不要忘记以前的日本和台湾也是生产次等货。举一个例子，十多年前，有一间高级日本瓷器公司的领导层认为低廉的中国瓷器不会威胁到它高档的日本瓷器市场，因为日本人具有极高的品味，不会用中国瓷器。几年后，中国的瓷器品质改善，大受日本人欢迎，结果该公司倒闭。另一个例子，上世纪八十年代初，当时王安电脑是世界第八大电脑公司，它和ＤＥＣ等美国中型的电脑公司除了生产中型电脑，也生产个人电脑，它们的领导层都经视ＤＥＬＬ公司生产的低廉个人电脑，质疑其品质，没有把它当竞争对手。十多年后，多数的美国中型电脑公司，除了晋惠，都被ＤＥＬＬ击跨！拥有巨大的劳动力资源和广大的市场，中国己经变成越来越多日本公司的主要产品装配中心，其产品输到第三国家，如美国。比如索尼电脑娱乐公司将在日本生产的ＰＳ游戏机的生产移到中国去。富士施乐公司计划在２００６年底，将９０％的复印机生产移到中国，而复印机的销额占该公司总收入的６５％左右，可见该公司的生存多么依靠中国。日本制造的商品在中国生产比在美国生产可以节省至少２０％。所以日本公司纷纷到中国设厂。现在中国出产的廉价电器像洪水般在全球市场上泛滥！老化的日本经济非常依赖新兴的中国经济，蓬勃的中国经济活动是今天日本脆弱经济复苏的推动力！老化的经济能力令日本人惊慌，这种恐惧促使日本人采取偏激的手段对付中韩两国。今后的中日关系有专家认为，再过多十年，老化的日本人口会使日本的经济竞争能力更加恶化，让我门拭目以待；十三亿人口的中国具有无限商机，中国广大的市场会令日本人屈服。到时中国对日本的依赖性逐渐消失，而日本对中国的依赖性逐渐加强，‘靖国幽魂’自然会消失。所以我们不认为中日关系会长远纠缠不清。到时日本领导人才会为日本的侵略，真心诚意对中韩受害的人民道歉！布什尚有二年多的任期，中国领导人有足够的智慧不会与强悍的布什激烈对干。只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不致于太恶化。同时，日本人也没有足够的筹码，与中韩作长期对抗！日本首相小泉最近频频向欧洲人道歉，然而欧洲人民在第二世界大战间并没有遭到日军大量屠杀。为何要向他们道歉？从此可见，小泉口是心非！时间站在中方根据最新经贸数据，到去年十一月，中国欧盟贸易占中国总贸易１５. ３% ，中美贸易占１５% ，而中日贸易却下滑至只占１３%.到去年上半年，中日贸易占日本总贸易的１７% ，而中国是日本的第一大贸易国。由此可见，日本经济多么依赖中国的市场！时间一久，中日贸易对中方则越有利。蓬勃的中国经济活动使日本走出经济通缩，广大的中国市场使大型的日本挂牌公司复苏，再加上日本法治制度比中国完善，外资大量流入日本股市和房地产，所以投资者不难理解东京股市在过去一年半内涨幅高达５０% ，日经指数从万一点升到现在万六点！同时，日本领袖应该明白恶化的中日关系损害到日本经济利益尤深，中国不买日本子弹火车系统，就是中日关系恶化的后果！最近‘神六’太空船升空，成本低廉且俱有军事意义，该太空船还会准确稍微改变轨道，有了这种技术，中国的导弹可以改航，美日联手的导弹防卫系统保卫不了‘大’日本。最近日本右翼分子宣称中日难免一战，如果战争发生，中国海军会象清北洋舰队不堪一击，真是痴人说梦话，好战分子竞敢如此胡说八道！今年正月４日，处于窘境的日本首相小泉四面楚歌，心有千千结，在新年笫一次记者会上不得不‘含泪哭诉’中日关系恶化！我们却乐见最近日本有意与中国商谈共同开发东海油田
有利！最后我们敬请投资者密切关注中日两国经济将会面对以下的严峻挑战：蓬勃的中国经济将面对严重缺乏水源和能源，而日本经济将面对十年后人口老化的严峻难题，中日两国友好有利于世界和平，有利日本经济，对中国和平崛起也有利！最后我们敬请投资者密切关注中日两国经济将会面对以下的严峻挑战：蓬勃的中国经济将面对严重缺乏水源和能源，而日本经济将面对十年后人口老化的严峻难题。
从日本“靖国幽魂”驱之不散，看中日经贸前景蔡成杉最近日本政府在钓鱼台，参拜靖国神社及篡改教科书等课题上，针对中国频频出招，咄咄迫人，大日本沙文主义者公然挑衅中国人民，‘靖国幽魂’卷土重耒，阴影不散，中国政府举步艰辛，难以招架，引起海内外华人反日情绪高涨。两国剑拔弩张，中日关系处于两国建交以来最恶劣时刻，实令人担忧！美国人类学家海德路加（ＡｌｅｓＨｒｄｌｉｃｋａ）最早指出铲形门齿是蒙古人种的特征，其他人种少有。据人类学家卡包奈尔（Ｃａｒｂｏｎｅｌｌ）在１９６３年统计中国人和日本人显著具有内侧铲形门齿者占９２. ７% ，上外侧铲形者占９１. ３% ；其他人种俱有此特征高者不超过５% ，或者完全设有。由此可见大和民族和中华民族是一对孪生的民族，既人同种且文相似，然而大和民族自古尚武好斗，在他们心目中侵略外国和杀戮敌人是高尚的，全无羞耻，战胜是光荣的，只有战败才是耻辱！所以在他们内心深处，永远瞧不起中国人，只敬佩畏惧美国人！１８６８年，日本经过‘明治维新’后，走上富国强兵之道。从此，中高（高丽）两国便陷入困境，连年干戈扰攘，兵连祸结。中高人民永无安宁！１８９４年，清朝为了保护高丽，引起日本对中国发动战争，清北洋舰队不堪日本联合舰队一击，中国战败，史称‘甲午战争’。１８９５年，清李鸿章被迫签下《马关条约》，中国失去台湾。１９１０年，日本占领高丽；１９３１年，日本侵占中国东北三省，日本人称它为‘满洲里’；１９３７年，日本发动对华战争，从此，日本便走上穷兵黩武之道，日本军人惨杀中国人民无数，穷凶极恶！现在战争过去了，为什么日本‘靖国幽魂’还是如此纠缠不清，阴影常在，驱之不散？我们应从以下历史、政治和经济三处着手，分析资料，寻找真象；心理上日本人不认为是战败国第二次世界大战，德国百万大军在欧洲东部，被苏军歼灭，大部分好战的德军葬身苏军的火海；斯大林对投降的德军罪犯，都加以严惩，从未放过，尤其对那些任意惨杀苏联人民的德军，更加处于酷刑。对待犯罪者理应如此。１９４４年，以英美为主的盟军在法国诺曼底海滩登陆时，德军己被苏军打得疲乏不堪，残兵败将又遭到盟军歼灭，死１１万德军。大部分德国的好战主义分子都遭到灭顶，同时战争也使德国人民身受其害。所以德国人民会承认该国曾犯上滔天大罪，其领袖当然会对受害国人民道歉！德国前总理勃兰特会在华沙犹太人殉难者纪念碑前，为德国纳粹所犯下的罪行下跪；前德国总理施罗德频频向俄国人民道歉，表示德国对第二次世界大战及大屠杀的罪疚感。这象征着整个德国民族为第二次世界大战的罪行忏悔！反观日本，它与德国状况不同，日本人在心埋上从不承认战败。第二次世界大战，日军只在太平洋战役中被美军击败，但在中国及东南亚战场上伤亡不多，没有被击败的现象，大部分好战军人没有战死沙场。１９４５年，美国为了避免遭受更大的伤亡，向日本投下二颗原子弹。迫于无奈，日本天皇宣布投降，有些日本好战分子虽屈从天皇指示，却不愿投降，只好切腹殉国！日本军人从不承认在战场上被中韩两国击败，所以一个战胜国的好斗人民怎会心甘情愿向战败国的人民道歉？再加上善良的中国人民没有向那些残暴的日军报复，当时无能的中国政府也没有将那些穷凶极恶的日军绳之以法，让投降的日军平安回国。实令人费解！回国后，大部分的日本战犯也没有遭到美驻日远东总司令麦克阿瑟将军的惩罚，所以他们不但没有悔改，反而将他们的好战思想传给后代。当今日本领导人大多数是前好战分子的后代！今天的日本自然比德国存有更多的好战主义分子，所以他们当然要篡改日本教科书，以美化他们英勇的祖先。篡改教科书不但会伤害到亚洲人民的感情，同时也会给日本后代带来
以穷兵黩武，这对将耒的世界和平非常不利！再加上日本占领台湾，高丽及满洲里时间太久，大日本沙文主义者在感情上都认为这些地方属于他们的。所以他们要誓死保卫钩鱼台和独岛！布什把日本当成亚洲的‘英国’２０００年，当布什竞选美国总统时，他指责克林顿对中政策软弱，把中美关系定为‘致力于发展建设性战略伙伴关系’不切实际，所以当他上任后，立刻采取亲日抗中政策。２００１年，中美发生撞机事件，美国采取强硬态度，初不认错，后经中方严正交涉，美国才有‘非常抱歉’的申明。不久，布什宣声如果中国武力犯台，美国将‘采取一切措施’耒保卫台湾，同时其国防部长竞敢声称己经制订出一套防卫台湾的‘应急计划’。中美关系顿时陷入冰点。２００１年的九一一恐怖事件使布什陷入恐慌，因此，美国对中政策才大拐弯。同年１０月，布什特地到上海出席ＡＰＥＣ会议，与中国领导人见面，不敢再提中国是‘战略竞争对手’的说法。过后，美忙于攻击恐怖分子的基地，阿富汗；接着又出兵侵入伊拉克。这个时期，美国善待中国，中美进入‘亲密’时期，中日关系自然良好！由于美国不乐见中国崛起。加上当布什再任总统时，东西线上无战火，美国对中政策开始又转硬。中日关系自然逆转！最近美国务卿赖斯访亚洲时，她与日本首相小泉同时呼吁欧盟不要对华解除武器禁运；与此同时，美日首次宣布在美日安保条约下把中国视为最敏感和最重要的台湾问题列入‘共同战略目标’，令中国极为反感；根据美日安保条约，如有战争，美国可以自由利用日本的军事基地。如果美国为了台湾与中国冲突，日本必须支援美国对中开战，面对美日联盟，中国无法取胜！美国在欧洲培养一个亲密的盟友，英国，对付不听话的盟国和敌对国；同样的，在亚洲它也要培养一个像英国那样的盟友，那个就是日本。日本最近咄咄迫人的气焰是布什点燃的，既对中国不利，且会侵害到韩国的利益，所以最近日韩关系也紧绷。美国既然支持日本，韩国反而要支持中国。韩国卢武铉宣称如果台海发生战事，韩国不会让美军利用韩国的军事基地，对付中国。中韩两国关系转好是历史因素使然；在历史上，当中韩能够和好、强盛，日本就无计可施！所以我们认为只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不会坏到不可收拾的地步。老化的日本经济带来恐惧最近的中国经济崛起给日本人带来精神上无限的压力。原是世界第二大的经济强国，面对中国的经济崛起，日本逐渐失去经济竞争力，日本人怎不忐忑不安，惊慌失措。这种恐慌使日本人失去安全感，同时对自己的前途，也失去信心！（Ａ）首先我们谈谈中国的市场。中国是当今仅次美国世界第二大消费国，整个国家的购买力可以影响世界的政治和经济；时空转变，易地而处，日本的影响力己逐渐减少，昔日风光不再！２００４年，中国首次超过日本仅次于美德两国是世界第三贸易大国；中国对欧盟的贸易约１７７０亿美元，对美国的贸易约１７００亿美元，对日本的贸易约１６８０亿美元；日本是中国的第三大贸易国，而中国则是日本第一大贸易国。２００４年，日本对中国的出口总额约７３８亿美元，而中国对日本的出口总额约９４２亿美元。中国出口到日本的货物是低技术的廉价日用品，日本难找到代替品；而日本输到中国的是高技术的商品，中国易找到代替品，现在欧盟和韩国己相争代替日本销售高技术商品给中国。所以中国不惧日本的经济抵制，这就是为什么我们说日本人口硬心虚！中国改革开放初期，日本汔车业因不肯转移技术而失去中国市场，让欧洲汽车业独霸中国汔车市场，现在要迎头赶上，为时己晚！谁有大市场，谁说话就大声，今天谁敢得罪美国？道理就这么简单！",1]
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无穷的祸害；把侵略亚洲美化成解放亚洲，令日本后代以为以后还可以穷兵黩武，这对将耒的世界和平非常不利！再加上日本占领台湾，高丽及满洲里时间太久，大日本沙文主义者在感情上都认为这些地方属于他们的。所以他们要誓死保卫钩鱼台和独岛！布什把日本当成亚洲的‘英国’２０００年，当布什竞选美国总统时，他指责克林顿对中政策软弱，把中美关系定为‘致力于发展建设性战略伙伴关系’不切实际，所以当他上任后，立刻采取亲日抗中政策。２００１年，中美发生撞机事件，美国采取强硬态度，初不认错，后经中方严正交涉，美国才有‘非常抱歉’的申明。不久，布什宣声如果中国武力犯台，美国将‘采取一切措施’耒保卫台湾，同时其国防部长竞敢声称己经制订出一套防卫台湾的‘应急计划’。中美关系顿时陷入冰点。２００１年的九一一恐怖事件使布什陷入恐慌，因此，美国对中政策才大拐弯。同年１０月，布什特地到上海出席ＡＰＥＣ会议，与中国领导人见面，不敢再提中国是‘战略竞争对手’的说法。过后，美忙于攻击恐怖分子的基地，阿富汗；接着又出兵侵入伊拉克。这个时期，美国善待中国，中美进入‘亲密’时期，中日关系自然良好！由于美国不乐见中国崛起。加上当布什再任总统时，东西线上无战火，美国对中政策开始又转硬。中日关系自然逆转！最近美国务卿赖斯访亚洲时，她与日本首相小泉同时呼吁欧盟不要对华解除武器禁运；与此同时，美日首次宣布在美日安保条约下把中国视为最敏感和最重要的台湾问题列入‘共同战略目标’，令中国极为反感；根据美日安保条约，如有战争，美国可以自由利用日本的军事基地。如果美国为了台湾与中国冲突，日本必须支援美国对中开战，面对美日联盟，中国无法取胜！美国在欧洲培养一个亲密的盟友，英国，对付不听话的盟国和敌对国；同样的，在亚洲它也要培养一个像英国那样的盟友，那个就是日本。日本最近咄咄迫人的气焰是布什点燃的，既对中国不利，且会侵害到韩国的利益，所以最近日韩关系也紧绷。美国既然支持日本，韩国反而要支持中国。韩国卢武铉宣称如果台海发生战事，韩国不会让美军利用韩国的军事基地，对付中国。中韩两国关系转好是历史因素使然；在历史上，当中韩能够和好、强盛，日本就无计可施！所以我们认为只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不会坏到不可收拾的地步。老化的日本经济带来恐惧最近的中国经济崛起给日本人带来精神上无限的压力。原是世界第二大的经济强国，面对中国的经济崛起，日本逐渐失去经济竞争力，日本人怎不忐忑不安，惊慌失措。这种恐慌使日本人失去安全感，同时对自己的前途，也失去信心！（Ａ）首先我们谈谈中国的市场。中国是当今仅次美国世界第二大消费国，整个国家的购买力可以影响世界的政治和经济；时空转变，易地而处，日本的影响力己逐渐减少，昔日风光不再！２００４年，中国首次超过日本仅次于美德两国是世界第三贸易大国；中国对欧盟的贸易约１７７０亿美元，对美国的贸易约１７００亿美元，对日本的贸易约１６８０亿美元；日本是中国的第三大贸易国，而中国则是日本第一大贸易国。２００４年，日本对中国的出口总额约７３８亿美元，而中国对日本的出口总额约９４２亿美元。中国出口到日本的货物是低技术的廉价日用品，日本难找到代替品；而日本输到中国的是高技术的商品，中国易找到代替品，现在欧盟和韩国己相争代替日本销售高技术商品给中国。所以中国不惧日本的经济抵制，这就是为什么我们说日本人口硬心虚！中国改革开放初期，日本汔车业因不肯转移技术而失去中国市场，让欧洲汽车业独霸中国汔车市场，现在要迎头赶上，为时己晚！谁有大市场，谁说话就大声，今天谁敢得罪美国？道理就这么简单！
（Ｂ）现在再谈日本面对另外一个大难题，中国商品的竞争力太强。庞大而低廉的人力资源使中国生产出世界最富有竞争力的廉价商品，也许有人会质疑其品质，但不要忘记以前的日本和台湾也是生产次等货。举一个例子，十多年前，有一间高级日本瓷器公司的领导层认为低廉的中国瓷器不会威胁到它高档的日本瓷器市场，因为日本人具有极高的品味，不会用中国瓷器。几年后，中国的瓷器品质改善，大受日本人欢迎，结果该公司倒闭。另一个例子，上世纪八十年代初，当时王安电脑是世界第八大电脑公司，它和ＤＥＣ等美国中型的电脑公司除了生产中型电脑，也生产个人电脑，它们的领导层都经视ＤＥＬＬ公司生产的低廉个人电脑，质疑其品质，没有把它当竞争对手。十多年后，多数的美国中型电脑公司，除了晋惠，都被ＤＥＬＬ击跨！拥有巨大的劳动力资源和广大的市场，中国己经变成越来越多日本公司的主要产品装配中心，其产品输到第三国家，如美国。比如索尼电脑娱乐公司将在日本生产的ＰＳ游戏机的生产移到中国去。富士施乐公司计划在２００６年底，将９０％的复印机生产移到中国，而复印机的销额占该公司总收入的６５％左右，可见该公司的生存多么依靠中国。日本制造的商品在中国生产比在美国生产可以节省至少２０％。所以日本公司纷纷到中国设厂。现在中国出产的廉价电器像洪水般在全球市场上泛滥！老化的日本经济非常依赖新兴的中国经济，蓬勃的中国经济活动是今天日本脆弱经济复苏的推动力！老化的经济能力令日本人惊慌，这种恐惧促使日本人采取偏激的手段对付中韩两国。今后的中日关系有专家认为，再过多十年，老化的日本人口会使日本的经济竞争能力更加恶化，让我门拭目以待；十三亿人口的中国具有无限商机，中国广大的市场会令日本人屈服。到时中国对日本的依赖性逐渐消失，而日本对中国的依赖性逐渐加强，‘靖国幽魂’自然会消失。所以我们不认为中日关系会长远纠缠不清。到时日本领导人才会为日本的侵略，真心诚意对中韩受害的人民道歉！布什尚有二年多的任期，中国领导人有足够的智慧不会与强悍的布什激烈对干。只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不致于太恶化。同时，日本人也没有足够的筹码，与中韩作长期对抗！日本首相小泉最近频频向欧洲人道歉，然而欧洲人民在第二世界大战间并没有遭到日军大量屠杀。为何要向他们道歉？从此可见，小泉口是心非！时间站在中方根据最新经贸数据，到去年十一月，中国欧盟贸易占中国总贸易１５. ３% ，中美贸易占１５% ，而中日贸易却下滑至只占１３%.到去年上半年，中日贸易占日本总贸易的１７% ，而中国是日本的第一大贸易国。由此可见，日本经济多么依赖中国的市场！时间一久，中日贸易对中方则越有利。蓬勃的中国经济活动使日本走出经济通缩，广大的中国市场使大型的日本挂牌公司复苏，再加上日本法治制度比中国完善，外资大量流入日本股市和房地产，所以投资者不难理解东京股市在过去一年半内涨幅高达５０% ，日经指数从万一点升到现在万六点！同时，日本领袖应该明白恶化的中日关系损害到日本经济利益尤深，中国不买日本子弹火车系统，就是中日关系恶化的后果！最近‘神六’太空船升空，成本低廉且俱有军事意义，该太空船还会准确稍微改变轨道，有了这种技术，中国的导弹可以改航，美日联手的导弹防卫系统保卫不了‘大’日本。最近日本右翼分子宣称中日难免一战，如果战争发生，中国海军会象清北洋舰队不堪一击，真是痴人说梦话，好战分子竞敢如此胡说八道！今年正月４日，处于窘境的日本首相小泉四面楚歌，心有千千结，在新年笫一次记者会上不得不‘含泪哭诉’中日关系恶化！我们却乐见最近日本有意与中国商谈共同开发东海油田",1]
);
//-->
（Ｂ）现在再谈日本面对另外一个大难题，中国商品的竞争力太强。庞大而低廉的人力资源使中国生产出世界最富有竞争力的廉价商品，也许有人会质疑其品质，但不要忘记以前的日本和台湾也是生产次等货。举一个例子，十多年前，有一间高级日本瓷器公司的领导层认为低廉的中国瓷器不会威胁到它高档的日本瓷器市场，因为日本人具有极高的品味，不会用中国瓷器。几年后，中国的瓷器品质改善，大受日本人欢迎，结果该公司倒闭。另一个例子，上世纪八十年代初，当时王安电脑是世界第八大电脑公司，它和ＤＥＣ等美国中型的电脑公司除了生产中型电脑，也生产个人电脑，它们的领导层都经视ＤＥＬＬ公司生产的低廉个人电脑，质疑其品质，没有把它当竞争对手。十多年后，多数的美国中型电脑公司，除了晋惠，都被ＤＥＬＬ击跨！拥有巨大的劳动力资源和广大的市场，中国己经变成越来越多日本公司的主要产品装配中心，其产品输到第三国家，如美国。比如索尼电脑娱乐公司将在日本生产的ＰＳ游戏机的生产移到中国去。富士施乐公司计划在２００６年底，将９０％的复印机生产移到中国，而复印机的销额占该公司总收入的６５％左右，可见该公司的生存多么依靠中国。日本制造的商品在中国生产比在美国生产可以节省至少２０％。所以日本公司纷纷到中国设厂。现在中国出产的廉价电器像洪水般在全球市场上泛滥！老化的日本经济非常依赖新兴的中国经济，蓬勃的中国经济活动是今天日本脆弱经济复苏的推动力！老化的经济能力令日本人惊慌，这种恐惧促使日本人采取偏激的手段对付中韩两国。今后的中日关系有专家认为，再过多十年，老化的日本人口会使日本的经济竞争能力更加恶化，让我门拭目以待；十三亿人口的中国具有无限商机，中国广大的市场会令日本人屈服。到时中国对日本的依赖性逐渐消失，而日本对中国的依赖性逐渐加强，‘靖国幽魂’自然会消失。所以我们不认为中日关系会长远纠缠不清。到时日本领导人才会为日本的侵略，真心诚意对中韩受害的人民道歉！布什尚有二年多的任期，中国领导人有足够的智慧不会与强悍的布什激烈对干。只要中美关系不变坏，中日关系不致于太恶化。同时，日本人也没有足够的筹码，与中韩作长期对抗！日本首相小泉最近频频向欧洲人道歉，然而欧洲人民在第二世界大战间并没有遭到日军大量屠杀。为何要向他们道歉？从此可见，小泉口是心非！时间站在中方根据最新经贸数据，到去年十一月，中国欧盟贸易占中国总贸易１５. ３% ，中美贸易占１５% ，而中日贸易却下滑至只占１３%.到去年上半年，中日贸易占日本总贸易的１７% ，而中国是日本的第一大贸易国。由此可见，日本经济多么依赖中国的市场！时间一久，中日贸易对中方则越有利。蓬勃的中国经济活动使日本走出经济通缩，广大的中国市场使大型的日本挂牌公司复苏，再加上日本法治制度比中国完善，外资大量流入日本股市和房地产，所以投资者不难理解东京股市在过去一年半内涨幅高达５０% ，日经指数从万一点升到现在万六点！同时，日本领袖应该明白恶化的中日关系损害到日本经济利益尤深，中国不买日本子弹火车系统，就是中日关系恶化的后果！最近‘神六’太空船升空，成本低廉且俱有军事意义，该太空船还会准确稍微改变轨道，有了这种技术，中国的导弹可以改航，美日联手的导弹防卫系统保卫不了‘大’日本。最近日本右翼分子宣称中日难免一战，如果战争发生，中国海军会象清北洋舰队不堪一击，真是痴人说梦话，好战分子竞敢如此胡说八道！今年正月４日，处于窘境的日本首相小泉四面楚歌，心有千千结，在新年笫一次记者会上不得不‘含泪哭诉’中日关系恶化！我们却乐见最近日本有意与中国商谈共同开发东海油田
有利！最后我们敬请投资者密切关注中日两国经济将会面对以下的严峻挑战：蓬勃的中国经济将面对严重缺乏水源和能源，而日本经济将面对十年后人口老化的严峻难题，中日两国友好有利于世界和平，有利日本经济，对中国和平崛起也有利！最后我们敬请投资者密切关注中日两国经济将会面对以下的严峻挑战：蓬勃的中国经济将面对严重缺乏水源和能源，而日本经济将面对十年后人口老化的严峻难题。
Monday, August 14, 2006
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